One of the Most Incredibly Neglected Options for Ap Lang Exam Essay Samples

One of the Most Incredibly Neglected Options for Ap Lang Exam Essay Samples The Do's and Don'ts of Ap Lang Exam Essay Samples You ought to start early before the exam to create a very good improvement. For those who have access to multiple practice tests, you may even take complete tests at distinct times in the studying procedure to observe how you've improved and what you still must work on. Include this practice in your day-to-day study hour. So on test day be certain to keep calm and stick to these strategies. After you learn your very first new topic or cover a crucial idea, review it that night. If you don't keep tabs on your time, then you may find yourself with a paper without an introduction. How to best use practice resources as you study depends a whole lot on what sort of practice material you're using. Any sum of additional stress can severely influence your knowledge of vital concepts covered on the conclusion of the year exams. Ap Lang Exam Essay Samples: the Ultimate Convenience! It's often beneficial to select an argument that has more evidence and references to support that, even in the event that you do not necessarily agree with each small detail. Then, when you have answered all the questions that you feel more confident about, return to the harder questions, if time permits. It does not merely repeat the exact same points. In the event the answer is yes, attempt to structure your argument in order for your points build off one another. There is only one difference within this prompt, and it lies within this synthesis essay you should write. There is a particular essay in the prompt that you must analyze. Prompt consists of an article that you've got to synthesize. How to Get Started with Ap Lang Exam Essay Samples? Attempt to select the best devices to back up your argument that you are able to. As you learn your worth, you will be able to set up standards and make healthful boundaries. The prompt may request that you talk about the rhetoric devices utilized in a passage. Become knowledgeable about the kinds of topics and comfortable with writing in various modes. In addition, if you race through very good writing, you're likely to miss the subtlety and complexity. If you have to use a typical cliche phrase, attempt to change this up a bit by using synonyms for the verbs. At first the novel appears to be written for quite a specific audience. Studying each night could be a small struggle. Your exam is broken into portions. Befo re entering any AP class, it's most effective to read over the class overview and become familiarized with the exam. Some students think about the totally free response section being the hardest portion of the whole English exam. While your best students may not need them, less able students may find them useful strategies to start. Rubrics especially intended for introductory paragraphs also can be beneficial. Whenever you do take practice tests, it can be useful to find another person to assist grade your free-response essays dependent on the rubric. If at all possible, begin at the start of the semester. Instead, the very best plan is to pick out three supporting details you may concentrate on and develop. There are an amazing number of gray areas within the content that you should learn how to approach from every angle. The multiple choice section is 52-54 questions which make up 45% of your total score. Apart from the devices, the remainder of the multiple choice section is merely answering questions regarding the passage. Through such resources, you will discover the precise meanings of words along with knowledge about the content of what you're reading. The AP English argument FRQ is easily the most straightforward of the AP English FRQs as it is the most like essays you're already utilized to w riting. To approach such a writing, there are many steps which you could take to prepare. To score no less than a 3, students would be a good idea to use pertinent references from the text. Read the questions (if it is possible to answer a few without reading, go ahead), visit the passage, skim it for the pertinent sections and continue on... The essay option, I believe, could be a little more challenging to get ready for... aside from all of the practice essays you might have taken. How to compose a conclusion is what you need to know to produce your paper worth reading. Knowing the question you're answering is the most essential portion of AP writing. You are able to work on the prompt types that you locate the most difficult or practice outlining essays in a particular period of time, or writing all 3 essays in 120 minutes.

MCMULLEN SHEPHERD Entrepreneurial Act - 13331 Words

à ® ½ Academy of Management Review 2006, Vol. 31, No. 1, 132–152. ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTION AND THE ROLE OF UNCERTAINTY IN THE THEORY OF THE ENTREPRENEUR JEFFERY S. MCMULLEN Baylor University DEAN A. SHEPHERD Indiana University By considering the amount of uncertainty perceived and the willingness to bear uncertainty concomitantly, we provide a more complete conceptual model of entrepreneurial action that allows for examination of entrepreneurial action at the individual level of analysis while remaining consistent with a rich legacy of system-level theories of the entrepreneur. Our model not only exposes limitations of existing theories of entrepreneurial action but also contributes to a deeper understanding of important conceptual issues, such†¦show more content†¦However, the role this uncertainty plays in preventing entrepreneurial action has remained a matter of debate. As a result, two research streams have emerged, each inspired by alternative conceptualizations of uncertainty. The first stream focuses on the amount of uncertainty perceived and frequently discriminates those who decide to act entrepreneurially from those who do not as a matter of differences in knowledge (e.g., Busenitz, 1996; Gaglio Katz, 2001; Kaish Gilad, 1991; Kirzner, 1979). Thus, the amount of uncertainty is considered to be the barrier between prospective entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial action. The second stream highlights the willingness to bear uncertainty and typically proposes that those who decide to act entrepreneurially are distinguishable from those who do not owing to differences in motivation, attitude, or risk propensity (e.g., Douglas Shepherd, 2000; Knight, 1921; Schumpeter, 1934). In this scenario, an unwillingness to bear uncertainty is deemed responsible for preventing prospective entrepreneurs from engaging in entrepreneurial action. Because an individual must ultimately act to become an entrepreneur, and because action involves knowledge and motivation (Higgins Kruglanski, 2000), we propose that each stream merely emphasizes a different aspect of the uncertainty experienced in the decision to act entrepreneurially.Show MoreRelatedIndividual Level And Systemic Level Of Opportunity Recognition1511 Words   |  7 Pagesentering into new markets. Hence, it is vital for entrepreneurs to engage in opportunities that they have identified. The first form of the theory is system level approach, which is essentially involved in how the economic system operates (McMullen Shepherd, 2006). For this theory, economic conditions such as the stability of macroeconomic conditions and level of economic growth, income inequality, and employment might have an impact on the type of opportunities that will be available. For exampleRead MoreMarket-Oriented Approaches to Firms2515 Words   |  10 Pagesknowledge spans how knowledge is generated, communicated, analyzed and integrated to strengthen competitive standing (Caleiro, 2008). In more recent years, flattening organizations, incorporating specialized teams, and appointing middle managers who act as liaisons within the organizational hierarch y has helped many companies increase and expedite knowledge sharing (Dew et.al, 2004). This has also shifted power to employees who have a greater voice and role in the overall outcomes of the organizations

Stamp Act free essay sample

Taxation without Representation Ryan Vote March 8, 2010 U. S. History It can easily be said that the Stamp Act of 1765 was the beginning of the revolution for the colonies of North America, Before the Stamp Act, there were other failed attempts to tax the colonies by the British parliament. Each attempt to gain money from the colonies was unlawful because there was a lack of representation from Parliament. The Stamp Act of 1765 was very detailed and expensive for the colonists. The Stamp Act was the final act of taxation by Parliament before the colonies started to fight back and seek independence from Britain.Britain was struggling with a growing debt from previous wars. For example, the French and Indian War that lasted from 1756 until 1 763 was very expensive for Britain. It nearly doubled their debt. The debt was so expensive that Merely to pay the interest would require a heavier burden of taxation that had been known before (Morgan, 21). Moreover, it continued to be expensive after this war was over due to the fact that Butt Ministry decided in early 1763 to keep ten thousand British regular soldiers in the American colonies.It was said that the soldiers were kept in the colonies because many would be out-of- ark otherwise. Also, the American colonies were a liability: until the Englishmen outnumbered the hostile French and Indian population, there would be constant danger of repossession by France in a future war (Morgan, 22). Therefore, British Parliament felt that it was necessary to keep soldiers within the colonies. Because of this, Parliament looked directly at the colonies for money to help their own debt. In all fairness the Americans should help support the army protecting them (Morgan, 22).George Greenville of British Parliament, who became the Prime Minister in April of 763, undertook the Job of finding ways to alleviate his countrys debt. He thought Americans were grossly under taxed by comparison with Englishmen (Morgan, 23). Giving the British people more taxes was out of the question for Greenville because the Cider Tax was proof that there would be continued protesting if they received another. Greenville found that there were already laws on the books that should have been making money for Parliament from the Americans.However, the returns from these duties demonstrated equally the success of the American smugglers and the failure of the royal custom collectors (Morgan, 23). Greenville demanded that the deputies stop taking bribes instead of customs, that colonial governors start checking in on the deputies and that the Navy to start patrolling the American ports. To obtain a satisfactory revenue from them, he would have to get Parliament to revise them (Morgan, 24). George Greenville did much research before going ahead and taxing the colonists with the Sugar Act of 1764.The Sugar Act of 1764, it was usually called, because the part of It which drew most attention was the three-penny tax on stamp duties. Greenville evidently doubted that the revenue from the new [Sugar Act] duties would be as much as he wanted from the colonies. .. He simply announced his intention of levying a stamp duty?that is, an excise tax on various documents and articles made of paper?sometime in the future (Morgan, 26). Greenville received much advice from other Parliament members about how much the Sugar Act tax should be set at.He knew that duties on foreign molasses, whether large or small, were an advantage to the British sugar planters. But in order to benefit the Treasury, the duties must be set at a figure which, though high enough to yield a good income, loud not be so high as to stop the flourishing trade and hence the revenue (Morgan, 26). After much debate, in May of 1764 the colonists received news of the sugar tax that was to be imposed upon them. It was settled on a tax of 3 pence a gallon of molasses instead of 6 pence. That was not being enforced before; Parliament accepted it without a stir.Also, with the Sugar Act came restrictions of lumber exports. Colonial lumber (a big export of the colonies because there was so much) was now only allowed to export to Great Britain. Though from there it could be shipped, the increased costs might well destroy the trade (Morgan, 29). Moreover, there were also new wine duties and an abolition of drawbacks on foreign textiles. The colonists were shocked and upset at the high taxes being imposed upon them. It seemed that all the colonists money-making exports were being taxed. The old solution of smuggling was no longer practical, for the risk of seizure was so great that the added cost of smuggling would have the same effect as the payment of duties (Morgan, 29). The British Navy residing in America made sure that every tax was collected, even for the smallest load. The colonists found that the Ana was extremely strict and UN-bending to even loads being sent over rivers. Every ship was found by the Navy in need of a seize and detain method. The American merchants started to fight back. They boycotted pilots who brought naval vessels into port, offered mates and midshipmen higher wages than the Navy was allowed to pay, and raised howling mobs (Morgan, 30). Afterwards, Parliament prohibited paper money as legal tender and the colonists feared that they would have to go back to bartering. A small outcry of unconstitutionality started in Boston in mid 1764. James Otis published a pamphlet of colonial rights arguing that nature and the English Common Law entitled the colonists to the same rights as Englishmen (Morgan, 35).The colonists were not even able to elect government officials for the British Parliament and taxing them was seen as unconstitutional by the colonists. They kept asking to Just levy their own taxes within each colony. It was an abuse of the Parliamentary power to regulate trade.. . [it] infringed colonial rights By imposing duties on branches of colonial commerce which did not conflict with British interests (Morgan, 38). It kept raising the question of was this Sugar Act a regulation of trade or was it a mere revenue measure? Of course the latter was more unconstitutional than the other.This created a huge debate and outcry between Parliament and the colonists. However, by the time the Sugar Act was condemned, the Stamp Act was put into place in March 1765. Finally the Stamp Act was in place; George Greenville had been planning this for well over two years, having drafts written up in 1763. The printed text of the act occupied some twenty-five pages and documents that were now to have an added tax were: court proceeding papers, allege diplomas, bonds, grants, bills of sale, contracts, leases, appointments to public office, liquor licenses, playing cards, dice and newspapers. All these would now have to be written or printed on paper carrying a stamp embossed by the Treasury Office (Morgan, 73). The taxes on each document was anywhere from 3 pence to 10 pence and pamphlets were taxed a penny a sheet. The amounts had to be paid in sterling, not colonial currency (Morgan, 72). This tax was used to build supplies for the troops stationed in America. Not long after the Stamp Act was introduced to the colonists, riots ensued. Daniel Dually was a famous pamphleteer that really started the uproar.He was widely read and approved because of his intelligence. He wrote many pamphlets on the Parliaments right to tax the colonists issue. Dually had been particularly struck by the absurdity of the argument for Virtual representation (Morgan, 80). He read that the Ministry had argued for the Stamp Act in Parliament on the ground that the colonies were all virtually represented in Parliament, in the same manner as those of the subjects in Great Britain, who did not vote for representatives (Morgan, 80).He set out to prove that he colonies were not represented by Parliament and Greensville whole argument would be destroyed. He proved no English property-holder was in the same situation as an American (Morgan, 85). He argued for the natural rights of man and that the House of Commons could not make a bill of taxation. Moreover, he argued and wrote that no British subject could be taxed except by the consent of his representatives. Though the American colonists were British subjects, they were not represented in Parliament but only in their colonial assemblies.Therefore the colonial assemblies could tax them, but Parliament could not (Morgan, 88). In addition, many influential people within the colonies made public announcements against taxation without representation. For example, Benjamin Franklin was also concerned about the tax and was noted to say that, l never heard any objection to the right of laying duties to regulate commerce; but a right to lay internal taxes was never supposed to be in Parliament, as we are not represented there (Franklin Interview). Also James Otis, a young lawyer from Massachusetts wrote that The very act of taxing exercised over those who are not represented appears to me to be depriving them of one of their cost essential rights as freemen, and if continued seems to be in effect an entire disfranchisement of every civil right (Otis). Their words were admired by many colonists and Delays pamphlets were bought up by the hundreds. Their words were the main reason Americans found courage to revolt and began to send petitions to Parliament.With the help from the Sons of Liberty, the Stamp Act demonstrations became violent and forced stamp collectors into resigning. Some American merchants even boycotted importing any goods. The colonists were taking a stand against Britain and its unlawful tax. Finally, the Stamp Act of 1765 was repealed in March of 1766. It seems that Parliament had had enough. They may have even agreed with the colonists about their lack of real representation. However, by this time there was a new Prime Minister; Lord Rocking became the new leader in 1765.George Greenville no longer had the authority to keep the Stamp Act in affect and this may have been part of the reason it was repealed. Most importantly, all of the Stamp Act. Problems between the colonists and an unseen government seemed inevitable. Thomas Paine, author of a pamphlet called Common Sense, said it best about British Parliament, As a long and violent abuse of power, is generally the Means of calling the right of it in question (Paine).

Walden By Henry Thoreau Analysis Essays - Civil Disobedience

Walden By Henry Thoreau Analysis In Henry David Thoreau's infamous novel ?Walden?, we are shown endless paradoxes that stem from the author's deep and insightful views into nature's universal connections with the human race. Thoreau makes himself a quest of finding the meaning to our existence by investigating nature from different perspectives that our preoccupied society constantly overlooks. Two of these perspectives are of viewing nature from a mountaintop or panoramic view and the other being from our own earthly foundations. ?At other times watching from an observatory of some cliff or tree, to telegraph any new arrival; or waiting at evening on the hill-tops for the sky to fall, that I might catch something, though never caught much, and that, mannawise, would dissolve again in the sun? (Thoreau 336). In this passage, Thoreau tells us that he is searching for something but he is not sure of what it is exactly. He states that he has taken refuge plenty of times at sites that are at high altitudes to try to see more clearly so that the answers of life can become more apparent. He says he waits for the sky to fall, which of course it can't, but this tells me that he is looking for the unexpected or what hasn't been seen yet. The word ?mannawise? is a Thoreau ?original? word. I know, by my own knowledge, that ?manna? is another word or prefix for ?earth?, so when he says that the ?mannawise, would dissolve again in the sun?, I believe he is saying that his search has hit another rut without answers and so the sun sets and so does the earth's responses of wisdom. ?Let us settle ourselves, and work and wedge our feet downward through the mud and slush of opinion, and prejudice, and tradition, and delusion, and appearance, that alluvion which covers the globe, through Paris and London, through New York and Boston and Concord, through church and state, through poetry and philosophy and religion, till we come to a hard bottom and rocks in place, which we can call reality, and say, This is, and no mistake; and then begin (Thoreau 400). This is one of Thoreau's strongest statements using the perspective of burrowing down to our own roots to find the buried treasures of life. He tells us to forget everything we have learned and start all over with a fresh and clean state of mind. Once we do this we can experience true ?reality? and not what society has handed us to believe in. To work our way down through all we have been taught by man and to find the real answers in ourselves and nature and if we do this, only then shall we live and be. ?To my imagination it retained throughout the day more or less of this auroral character, reminding me of a certain house on a mountain which I had visited the year before. This was an airy and unplastered cabin, fit to entertain a travelling god, and where a goddess might trail her garments. The winds which passed over my dwelling were such as sweep over the ridges of mountains, bearing the broken strains, or celestial parts only, of terrestrial music? ?Olympus is but the outside of the earth every where? (Thoreau 390) In this passage, Thoreau gives us another panoramic view of being on a mountaintop where a house is, with a sight so beautiful and magical, that its only comparison would be of Olympus, home of the Greek gods. He gives us a past description of what he remembers about a rundown cabin and even though it was a decaying site, its towering position made it god worthy. Thoreau starts by stating that his present house looked like an ?auroral character?, setting an analogy of the sun shining all around his residence reminding him of the ?Olympus? site. This godlike place on the mountain has nature's own music playing by the ways of the wind passing through the holes and hollows of earth's landscapes. He uses the metaphor of Greek Mythology to give us a grandeur view of the earth so that we may see clearly and truly to find our real selves and world. ?Though the view from my door was still more contracted, I did not feel crowded or confined in the least. There was pasture enough for my imagination? (Thoreau 392). This is another statement which Thoreau uses the perspective of the ground and foundation to explain his point of view. I have this mental

Dissertation Checklist What to Do When Your Work Is (Nearly) Due

Dissertation Checklist What to Do When Your Work Is (Nearly) Due Dissertation Checklist: What to Do When Your Work Is (Nearly) Due Big dissertation deadline approaching? Hopefully, you have a draft you’re happy with and it’s time to get your dissertation ready for submission. But what do you need to do in these last days? Check out our dissertation checklist for three key steps in preparing your final piece of work. 1. Check Your Style Guide When you’ve finished redrafting, the first thing to do is reread your style guide. This should contain everything you need to know about how to present your work, including: What to include on a title or cover page. Whether to include a dedication or acknowledgements. The length and style of the abstract. How to format the table of contents. Whether to include a list of abbreviations. How to format the document (including page margins, tables, figures, illustrations, footnotes, endnotes, and the text of your dissertation itself). The referencing style you should use. The maximum word count and which sections count towards it. You’ll then need to double check that your dissertation follows these rules as closely as possible. 2. Proofread Carefully After making any final changes, make sure to proofread your dissertation one last time. Your focus here will be looking for typos and other minor errors to ensure that it is 100% error free. You may want to ask someone else to check your writing for you at this point (we’re always available). But if you do need to proofread your own work, try using the following tips: Read slowly and carefully, taking regular breaks as required. Print your dissertation out and check it on paper. Start at the end and work backwards through each chapter. Read problematic passages out loud. Look for different types of error individually (i.e., start out checking the punctuation, then the grammar, then the spelling, etc.). These tips should help you keep your concentration while proofreading. 3. Preparing to Submit Finally, when you have an error-free manuscript you can be proud of, you need to check your college’s guidelines for submitting a dissertation. This will usually include preparing: One print copy of your dissertation, professionally bound. One digital copy of your dissertation, typically in PDF form. Make sure to leave enough time before the deadline to get these ready. Your college should be able to recommend a local binding business for the print copy (or offer binding on campus). And you can export a document as a PDF file via Microsoft Word itself. Summary: Dissertation Checklist If you have a dissertation deadline coming up, make sure to tick off the steps on our dissertation checklist. These include: Reread your style guide to make sure that your dissertation follows it. Check your writing for typos (or have a professional do it for you). Read your college’s guidelines on preparing your dissertation for submission (this will usually involve creating one printed and bound version and one electronic version). And once you’ve submitted, we suggest taking a few days off to relax before preparing for your oral defense. Well done on getting this far, and let us know if we can help you over the finishing line.

Students Rights in Private School

Students Rights in Private School The rights which you enjoyed as a student in public school are not necessarily the same when you attend private school. Thats because everything pertaining to your stay at private school, especially boarding school, is governed by something called contract law. This is important to understand especially when it comes to infractions of the discipline rules or code of conduct. Lets look at the facts about students rights in private school. Fact: Students Rights in Private Schools Are Not the Same as Those in the Public School Systems The Center for Public Education notes: The hurdles erected by the U. S. Constitutions Fourth and Fifth Amendments are exclusive to the nations public schools. Private K-12 institutions have far more leeway to conduct unfettered investigations, withhold findings if they choose, and unceremoniously ask a student or faculty member to leave. Tuition and employment contracts rule private school relationships, while Americas social compact and legal contract (the Constitution) governs how public officials must act. In Loco Parentis U.S. Constitution.net weighs in on the subject of In Loco Parentis, a Latin phrase meaning literally in place of parents: As private institutions, private schools are not subject to any restrictions in terms of violations of the rights of students. Hence, while a public school might have to prove that its violations are for a higher purpose or stem from its in loco parentis responsibilities, a private school may set limits arbitrarily. What Does This Mean for Private School Students? Basically, it means that if you go to a private school, you are not covered by the same laws as you were when you attended public school. Private schools are covered by something called contract law. It means that schools have the right, and obligation, to act as legal guardians for students to ensure their wellbeing.  Practically speaking, that also means youd better follow the rules, particularly the ones which have serious penalties for any infraction. Participating in activities like hazing, cheating, sexual misconduct, substance abuse and so on, will land you in serious trouble. Mess with these and you will find yourself suspended or expelled. You dont want those kinds of entries on your school record when it comes time to apply to college.   What Are Your Rights? How can you find out what your rights are at your private school? Start with your student handbook. You signed a document indicating that you had read the handbook, understood it and would abide by it. Your parents also signed a similar document. Those documents are legal contracts. They spell out the rules which govern your relationship with your school. Freedom of Choice Remember: if you dont like the school or its rules, you do not have to attend it. Thats another reason why it is so important for you to find the school which is the best fit for your needs and requirements. Accountability The net effect of contract law as it pertains to students is that it makes students accountable for their actions. For example, if you are caught smoking pot on campus and the school has a zero-tolerance policy regarding smoking pot, you will be in a lot of trouble. You will be held accountable for your actions. The review and consequences will be swift and final. If you were in public school, you could claim protection under your constitutional rights. The process typically is lengthy and might include appeals. Making students accountable teaches them an important lesson in living. Making students accountable also creates safe schools and a climate conducive to learning. If you will be held accountable for bullying or intimidating a classmate, you probably arent going to take the chance of doing it and getting caught. The consequences are too severe. Since every student in a private school is governed by contract law and the provisions in the contract between you, your parents and the school, take time to familiarize yourself with the rules and regulations. If you dont understand something, ask your faculty adviser for an explanation. Disclaimer: Be sure to review any legal questions and issues with an attorney. Article edited by  Stacy Jagodowski

Critical Analysis of the Film Good Will Hunting Essay

Critical Analysis of the Film Good Will Hunting - Essay Example Luckily, mathematics has been spared the symbolism of forbidden knowledge, troubled with ethical dilemmas (Frankenstein, Faust, Rappacini). Quite on the contrary, the film Good Will Hunting strikes a balance, and its mathematicians are portrayed as more multifaceted than those in the works referred to above. Good Will Hunting is in effect not about mathematics. It is about the touching story of a young man's struggling to outdo his Dickensian childhood, to find his place in the world, and to attain closeness with others. The main character, Will (the title is a play on his name), is a tough and supernaturally gifted orphan from Boston's South Side. He works as a janitor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and cannot resist showing anonymously his solutions to (apparently) perplexing mathematical problems. The identity of the solver is revealed just about the time that Will (Matt Damon) is arraigned for taking part in a street brawl. His following court-ordered supervision by a m athematics professor and Fields Medallist Professor Lambeau, (played by Stellan Skarsgard) includes psychological counselling. This sets the plot in motion. The way Will feels about himself, the woman he courts, about his remarkable gift and his background are looked into detail through an interaction with his psychologist (portrayed by Robin Williams) whose a background also turns out to be similar. So what is the role of mathematics in all this? Alfred Hitchcock's metaphor of the "McGuffin" rings in the head: an object or idea that drives the plot and with which everyone in the film, but not the audience, is preoccupied. In films by Hitchcock, the McGuffin might be a hidden treasure, or someone's identity. This film's McGuffins are Will's talent and the mathematics problems the he has a knack of solving so easily. It is quite possible that Will could have been gifted in physics, biology, in languages and faced similar issues in his life. Indeed, his intellect is drawn larger than life, so that he can learn organic chemistry, talk about economics, and even defend himself in court, with an ability to cite precedents. So why mathematics? One of the reasons is that mathematics is alleged to be vague that few can do it. In fact, this is amongst the few remarks about mathematics that this film makes, with which a mathematical audience will strongly disagree. Under the opening credits, the first frames of the film are of a mathematical text out of focus and blurred, as if seen by a general reader who cannot understand it. The mathematics referred to later on ranges from simple graph theory, through basic linear algebra to Parseval's theorem (mispronounced in the film) and to what seems like some deeper graph theoretical results. Mathematics mentioned persistently, but in no scene is it presented articulately. Will's gift is valuable, possibly because it is so rare. Mathematics highlights the major differences between Will and the academics. Will is a tough street y oungster. His gift is well-regarded but not envied by his friends. Had his gift been in rock music or sports, the plot could not have turned on the choice Will has to make between his background and his destiny. The culture of mathematics doesn’t fit well with that of blue-collar South Boston. And it is not predominantly "our fault". Professor Lambeau goes to great lenghths to keep Will out of jail, to get him a decent job which

JavaScript-Same Origin Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

JavaScript-Same Origin Policy - Essay Example The essay "JavaScript-Same Origin Policy" overviews a security concept, the same origin policy, a concept used when there is a need to isolate documents retrieved from distinct origins. The same origin ideas thus help in avoiding the hackers from injecting evil sites into someone’s or other sites that are wanted private. This origin policy always starts with trust; a web page owns its data and is free to submit that data to the original website. Thus, the already running JavaScript will be given an assurance of not being evil. The JavaScript will load more content e.g. building a simple image gallery use that is through writing JavaScript encryptions that insert and erases into the existing page. The browser, therefore, will instantly load the image, in a way, showing that it had been present in the existing page, and removes it from the display if the image is deleted. Thus, the same origin policy code prevents the JavaScript from directing data to a dissimilar server or from writing a data belonging to a different server. Enabling communications with another domain will depend on the use of JSONP, which grounds on a -tag. The sent information to another domain is encrypted in the URL as limits. The resumed JavaScript comprises of a purpose call with the invited info as parameters. Though if some evil encryptions of JavaScript gets submitted into a clean web page, it may results into an tag and includes them on that page. It will be safe to develop a URL to any intimidating domain.

The Ethics Of Gay Marriage Essay Example for Free

The Ethics Of Gay Marriage Essay Obviously, there are several problems inherent to trying to conclude definitively whether or not God, the Bible, or religion in general has an absolute stance on the issue of whether or not homosexuality—and by extension, marriage between homosexuals—is a sin, and therefore, a violation of God’s ethics. The most significant problem is the fact that religion is a matter of faith, and faith need not be proven or supported to be deemed â€Å"true.†Ã‚   With this in mind, there remains a legitimate reason for those who are not necessarily religious to closely examine the Bible for evidence supporting the ethics of gay marriage because in at least one survey, â€Å"a 55% majority [of respondents] believes it is a sin to engage in homosexual behavior, and that view is much more prevalent among those who have a high level of religious commitment (76%) (Pew Forum).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since much of the debate over the ethics of gay marriage has resulted in laws being passed to prevent same-sex marriage by defining marriage as an act between one man and one woman, and these laws are passed by the majority—a majority that primarily turns to the Bible for ethical answers—proving the validity of same-sex marriage in the same arena seems an excellent place to begin, but absent a willingness to reevaluate one’s faith based on a new interpretation or a newly argued logic, other avenues must be explored by those who believe gay marriage is indeed ethical.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The U.S. Census Bureau began tracking Unmarried Partner Households in 1990, and the statistics collected during the 2000 Census revealed that of 165,449,101 total households, 59, 969,000 households identified as either Married-Couple Households or Unmarried Partner Households.   54,493,232 identified as Married-Couple Households (80.9% of total partnered households) and 594,391 identified as same-sex partner, Unmarried Partner Households (85% of total partnered households) (CITE). If these numbers are accurate, it appears that more coupled households are made up of homosexual partners than heterosexual partners, a statistic that flies in the face of a common argument against gay marriage: that it will undermine an already fragile institution and increase the rate of divorce.   It appears that more same-sex couples have formed a solid, living union than have opposite-sex couples, and that it’s not homosexuals who are falling apart at the married seams.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Historically, those who have not fit the social majority have been denied equal rights.   An obvious parallel can be drawn between interracial and same-sex marriage.   It took the Supreme Court to declare â€Å"that the law against interracial marriages violated the Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses of the 14th Amendment.†Ã‚   With its decision, â€Å"the court held that such a right is covered under the Fourteenth Amendment because such decisions are fundamental to our survival and our consciences.   As such, they must necessarily reside with the individual rather than with the state† (Cline).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many would argue that unlike racial heredity, homosexuality is a choice, but whether or not this is true is irrelevant.   The United States of America is built on a number of fundamental rights that are so obvious, that The Declaration of Independence deems them â€Å"unalienable.†Ã‚   Beyond the words of the Declaration, our country protects the freedom of choice with a passion verging on vengeance, which means one has to consider the freedom to have faith no more or less important than the freedom to love.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The problem remains the circular relationship between religion, ethics, morality, and each individual’s interpretation of that circular relationship.   It is this degree of necessary interpretation that makes a concrete decision about the ethics of gay marriage so difficult. References Buehler, R.   Bridges Across the Divide.   Retrieved September 09, 2006, from http://www.gotquestions.org/about.html. Buehler, R.   Bridges Across the Divide.   â€Å"On bridge building and Bible reading.†Ã‚   Retrieved September 09, 2006, from http://www.gotquestions.org/about.html. Cline, A.   â€Å"Loving v. Virginia (1967): Race, Marriage, and Privacy.†Ã‚   About.Com. â€Å"Religion and Spirituality.   Retrieved September 09, 2006, from http://atheism.about.com/od/   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   courtdecisions/a/LovingVirginia.htm. Elgin, D. (2003, July-August). The self-guiding evolution of civilizations.   Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 20, 323-337. Retrieved September 06, 2006, from Expanded Academic ASAP via Thomson Gale (A106143461). GotQuestions.Org.   â€Å"About GotQuestions.org.†Ã‚   Retrieved September 08, 2006, from http://www.gotquestions.org/about.html. GotQuestions.Org.   â€Å"What does the Bible say about gay marriage / same sex marriage?†Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved September 08, 2006, from http://www.gotquestions.org/gay-marriage.html. Pew Forum on Religion Public Life, The.   â€Å"Religious Beliefs Underpin Opposition to Homosexuality.†Ã‚   November 18, 2003.   Retrieved September 08, 2006, from http://pewforum.org/docs/index.php?DocID=37 Robinson, B.A.   ReligiousTolerance.Org.   Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance.   Retrieved September 07, 2006, from http:// www.religioustolerance.org/aboutus.htm. Townsley, J.   â€Å"Search for Gods heart and truth.†Ã‚   Bridges Across the Divide.   Retrieved September 09, 2006, from http://www.bridges-across.org/ba/faith/jt_sfgh.htm. Townsley, J.   â€Å"Search for Gods heart and truth.   Addendum 4: David and Jonathon.†Ã‚   Bridges Across the Divide.   Retrieved September 09, 2006, from http://www.bridges-across.org/   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ba/faith/jt_add4.htm. U.S. Census Bureau.   Married- Couple and Unmarried Partner Households (2000).   (Table 1).   Table.   â€Å"Married and Unmarried-Partner Households by Metropolitan Residence Status: 2000.†Ã‚   February 2003.   http://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/censr-5.pdf.

Holes by Louis Sachar :: English Literature

Holes by Louis Sachar Summary I had just read a book called Holes by Louis Sachar, and was published by Dell Yearling in 1998. This story is about an innocent boy named Stanley Yelnats IV, whose name is very stand-out in his family, because every man in his family has this name except they are spelled differently from either frontward or backward. Stanley is a very quiet boy. Therefore, he has no friends in school and tends to be picked on because of his size all of the time. His family is very poor, and it is very reasonable to blame this cause on their great great grandfather. When Stanley’s great great grandfather was still living, he had stolen a pig from a Gypsy, and as the result she had pressed a curse on him and among his descendents. Stanley is a very bad luck kid. He was mistakenly convicted for stealing a pair of Clyde Livingston shoes. No one believes Stanley that those shoes were falling on top of him out of nowhere. As the result, the judge has given him two choices in which he’s either going to jail, or will be sent to a boy’s detention center, known as Camp Green Lake. Stanley, of course, decided his decision to Camp Green Lake, where he thought he would make some more new friends and get to do camping like other kids get to do. Stanley learns his vision at the lake was totally different when he finally arrived there. He found there is no lake, except it’s just a wide abandoned desert with bunch of holes everywhere. Mr. Sir, who’s a sunflower seeds addicted, gave Stanley an orange outfit just like the rest of the other boys are having. Stanley learns the life at the camp isn’t as simple as he thought it would be. In every early morning, all of the boys through out the whole camp would have to start digging holes that is must be 5 feet deep and 5 feet wide in the hot desert with only one canteen fills with water until the late evening. If any boy found anything interesting, he’s then must reporting it to Mr. Sir. Stanley makes a lot of new friends. Yet he’s only getting closer to one boy whose name is Zero. Zero is a very quiet person. He doesn’t talk much. He couldn’t read also. Therefore, Stanley has made an agreement with Zero in which he would teach Zero how to read, and Zero would dig holes for Stanley. Zero helps Stanley with the digging and whenever they are having free time Stanley would go on and teach Zero

A Different History- Analysis

A Different History By- Suajata Bhatt The poem ‘A Different History’ is set in India. In the first paragraph the poet describes how the world is developing at a fast pace and leaving behind culture, morals, value, spirituality etc. But India on the other hand has managed to sustain its tradition and modernity. â€Å"Great Pan is not dead; he simply emigrated to India Here, the gods roam freely Disguised as snakes or monkeys; every tree is sacred† Pan is the Greek god of nature. This reference to Greece and Pan could refer to two things.One of the possible interpretations is that- Rome, Greece and India are considered the hubs of spirituality and they have their own set of gods and goddesses. But over the years Greece has developed and consequently its people have lost faith in god. On the contrary, India continues to be highly spiritual and god fearing and the ‘Great Pan’ emigrating to India could connote how India continues to have faith and believe in god. Another explanation could be the love for nature and respect for the natural environment in India. Legend has it that Pan died due to the depletion of nature and animals in Greece.At the time this poem was written India was not a shade of what it is now and was known for its natural beauty and its peoples dependence and respect for nature. The next three lines seem to be mocking the Indian psyche of turning everything and everyone to god and creating a god for everything. The stereotypical Indian has a habit of using god’s name to get things done; associating every minute detail in his life to god and this is what I feel the poet is mocking. â€Å"And it is a sin to be rude to a book It is a sin to shove a book aside with your foot, sin to slam books down hard on a table, a sin to toss one carelessly across a room. † â€Å"You must learn how to turn the pages gently without disturbing Sarasvati, without offending the tree from whose wood the paper was made. â €  These lines describe the Indian culture, traditions and the values that are inculcated into kids at a young age. Sarasvati, who is considered the goddess of arts and knowledge, is, according to Hindu beliefs, resides in books. So books are respected (reference to mockery of Indian psyche) but in this case she is admiring this aspect of Indian culture.Books are considered an equivalent of god and touching god with your feet, slamming him et cetera is profanity. What the poet is trying to say in the first paragraph is that India is probably the only country in the world that have maintained its values, morals, culture and tradition and these have gone hand in hand with development. She also talks about the element of god being added to an array of things. Some of which, she thinks, are completely bizarre and others that she truly respects. â€Å"Which language has not been the oppressor’s tongue? Which language truly meant to murder someone? And how does it happen hat af ter the torture, after the soul has been cropped with a long scythe swooping out of the conqueror’s face- the unborn grandchildren grow to love that strange language. † I feel that the transition from the first paragraph to the second is not very good as the connection between the two themes is not evident. In my opinion the connection is that she is drawing a parallel between the pre- British India and the colonised India. She is using the English language as a representation of the colonised India and how it forgot or was made to forget its culture in the name of a ‘better future’ and ‘development’.Here, she refers to them as ‘oppressors’, ‘murderers’, but murderers of what? In my opinion murder in this context refers not just to taking lives but also the murder of spirits, souls and more relevantly cultures and customs. She seems to be blaming the British for the loss of the culture, customs, values, morals and in t his case language as well. She questions how despite all the damage done by the British we continue to speak the English language and have stopped speaking our mother tongue. This is the same language that was spoken by the people who destroyed out heritage and culture used .This is not only in reference to language but our love for anything ‘foreign’ and our disdain at our very own country and shame at our deep, brilliant and fascinating culture. But a poem is open to interpretation and the tone and the way it is said can change the meaning completely. While reading a poem it is important to analyse what background the poem has, the life of the poet how it is connected to her life. Sujata Bhatt, it was the first time I heard her name. She was born in Ahmedabad to a Gujarati family.She was brought up in Pune and then in 1968 at the age of twelve she shifted to the US. Currently she lives in Germany. Suajata Bhatt’s life is a complete contrast to the poem. In the poem she keeps talking about how we are forgetting our culture how we have been influenced by the ‘Conquerors’ et cetera. My first reaction to this was that she was a hypocrite. But then I realised that many times in life there are things that bother you, things that eat your insides but it is completely different and much harder to change or work against these things.I got to thinking that maybe Sujata Bhatt considers herself an example of the ‘unborn grandchildren’, maybe while writing this poem she had herself and her whole life in mind. Maybe she realised how she was losing contact with her motherland how she was losing the Indian in her. This poem could be a poem to reach out to the masses and try to make them understand the value of being in touch with your motherland and not commit the same mistake she had committed. This poem was written in the post colonial period.At a time when India was finding its bearings in the world. It was a time when India was still hung over from the British rule but at the same time it played the rebellious teen and tried to fight the natural course of things. When your country has been ruled by foreigners, colonisers for as many as three hundred years there are bound to be an influence on the country. The British ruled over many many generations of Indians and after a point of time the British way of living and approach in general started seeming normal to the Indians and they began to follow it.When the British left India in 1947 the youth were in an awkward predicament while they wanted to revive their culture and their lifestyle they continued to be westernised. Sujata Bhatt continuously emphasises the importance of a national identity not only in this poem but throughout. A national identity is what defines you globally. On the world map it is not the people who are visible it is the countries. Outside your territory your country plays a major part in your identity. The poet says that if you lo se your native habits, morals, values and culture your identity is depleted. * Arjun Nayar 9C

Abrasive Water Jet Cutting Report Engineering Essay

Up until about the mid twentieth Century the bulk of production relied on â€Å" two traditional procedures of forming and machining ( Tlusty, 2000 ) . Forming is the procedure of altering the form of the whole work piece, whereas machining removes merely certain, and desired countries. Whilst these cardinal procedures still form the really anchor of contemporary production, there has besides been the demand for new procedures to be developed. The traditional procedures, as highlighted above, have a figure of built-in restrictions which limit their application to industry. In the instance of conventional machining procedures, a crisp film editing tool is used to organize a bit from the work by shear distortion. This consequences in the formation of high forces together with the corresponding mechanical energies. Together with this are a figure of extra jobs that can originate. Due to sum of energy required to transport out the operation, a physique up of unwanted heat can happen, which frequently leads to deformation of the work piece and surface snap. In certain instances, the forces introduced by the procedure are highly high and in order to procure the work piece considerable clamping forces are required ; this excessively can take to deformation. Together with these restrictions, the development of stuffs with belongingss of high strength, high hardness and high stamina has driven the debut of untraditional machining methods. Nontraditional machining ( NTM ) methods have been developed since World War II in an effort to turn to machining demands which can non be carried out by conventional methods entirely ( DeGarmo, Black & A ; Kohser, 2003 ) . NTM methods provide the ability to machine: Complex geometries ; Components with an first-class surface coating ; Delicate constituents, which otherwise would non defy the clamping forces ; and Brittle stuffs or stuffs with really high hardness. There are four types of untraditional procedures ; classified harmonizing to the principle signifier of energy used to consequence stuff remotion. These include: mechanical, electrical, thermic and chemical. One procedure which falls into the mechanical class is scratchy H2O jet ( AWJ ) film editing, and will be the focal point of this study. First, and prior to discoursing AWJ, the procedure of H2O jet ( WJ ) film editing will be introduced.Water Jet Cutting ( WJC )Water jet film editing, which is besides known as waterjet machining and hydrodynamic machining, was foremost developed in 1968, followed by the first commercial system in 1971 ( Zhong & A ; Han, 2003 ) . Through the usage of a all right, hard-hitting, high-speed watercourse of H2O directed at the work piece ( surface ) , a cut is created, as illustrated in figure 1 below. In order to bring forth the all right watercourse of H2O, a nose with an gap ( opening ) typically in the order of 0.1 – 0.4mm is used ( Groover , 1996 ) . Together with this, runing force per unit areas of around 400MPa and above are used to supply sufficient energy for cutting to be carried out. Furthermore, the fluid of the jet can frequently make 900m/s and the cardinal procedure parametric quantities include: H2O force per unit area, opening diameter, H2O flow rate and the working or ‘standoff ‘ distance between the nose and the work piece. Figure 1 – Schematic of WJC Process ( Groover, 1996 ) As the typical film editing force per unit areas as mentioned are required, a hydraulic pump is used to supercharge the fluid. The fluid is so passed through a valve, which regulates the flow rate in order to accomplish the optimal cut. The concluding phase of the fluid is to go through through the nozzle opening and impact the work piece surface from a controlled tallness.Procedure ParametersThe stuff from which the nose is made is doubtless the most of import parametric quantity in footings of procedure control ( as this greatly determines the opening diameter ) . The nozzle unit comprises of a unstained steel holder, together with a gem ; normally sapphire, ruby or diamond. Of these stuffs, diamond lasts the longest but is the most expensive. Recent progresss in the production of man-made sapphire offer this stuff as non merely the most cost effectual solution, but besides due to other advantages excessively. Man-made sapphire can be machined moderately accurately and besides has a high opposition to have on. The most common causes of nozzle failure are due to sedimentations come ining the fluid watercourse, therefore underscoring the demand for high degrees of filtration of the fluid prior to pressurisation, to cut down nozzle wear. With proper nozzle design a tight, coherent waterjet can be produced and maintained really accurately. When transporting out the cutting procedure, both the opening diameter and the ‘standoff ‘ distance must be closely monitored to keep a changeless deepness of cut. As the nozzle wears, compensatory alterations in the draw tallness must be made. Although existent draw distances vary from beginning to beginning, distances in the order of millimeters are normal ; normally around 0.25 – 3.5mm.WJC: Advantages and DisadvantagesWJC offers many advantages over conventional machining methods. This machining procedure provides the ability to cut stuffs without firing or oppressing the work piece. Furthermore, no important heat is generated, therefore, deformation is minimised and in some instances, eliminated. Unlike machining or grinding, no dust is produced ensuing in small environmental pollution. Other advantages include minimum material loss and easiness of mechanization when used with numerical control and industrial automatons. Whilst such advantages exist, one of the chief disadvantages to H2O jet film editing is that there are merely a limited figure of stuffs that can be cut economically ( MTU, 2009 ) . Although it is possible to cut tool steels utilizing this procedure, the provender rates have to be greatly reduced and therefore the edged clip increased. This, in kernel, consequences in a high cost procedure. Such stuffs that can be cut utilizing the H2O jet procedure include: plastics, fabrics, complexs, floor tiles, rug, leather and composition board.Abrasive Water Jet Cutting ( AWJC )To allow the film editing of difficult stuffs such as ceramics, metals and glass, together with those softer stuffs, for illustration froth and gum elastic, the WJC procedure requires the add-on of scratchy atoms, therefore organizing the scratchy H2O jet ( AWJ ) cutting technique. In a similar mode to WJC, the procedure is carried out utilizing a high-pressure, high-speed watercourse of H2O ; nevertheless, the discrepancy being that an scratchy stuff is dra wn in by a vacuity, which is created by jet watercourse. Figure 2 – Schematic of AWJC Process ( Meier, Louis & A ; Pilot, 1995 ) Figure 2 illustrates a typical apparatus for transporting out scratchy H2O jet film editing. It can be seen that this follows closely the agreement of WJC equipment, nevertheless, with the add-on of a twosome of cardinal characteristics ; viz. the scratchy eating system and a ‘catcher ‘ , which is required to protect the environment from the high energy jet.Procedure ParametersAs antecedently highlighted, the WJC procedure depends on a figure of parametric quantities. Whilst many of these are movable to the AWJC procedure, there are besides add-ons to reflect the alteration in cutting method. Momber & A ; Kovacevic ( 1998 ) present a list of such parametric quantities, which can be seen in figure 3 below. Figure 3 – AWJC procedure parametric quantities ( Momber & A ; Kovacevic, 1998 ) Although it is by and large accepted by many writers including JankoviA†¡ ( 2008 ) that the nose or opening diameter is the cardinal film editing parametric quantity, in the instance of AWJC, the abradant besides has considerable influences on the quality of the cut achieved. A choice of the parametric quantities as listed above has been explored in the subsequent subdivision, followed by an overview of the entire system control in the subdivision thenceforth.Procedure Parameters: Overview of Observed InfluencesThe most of import parametric quantity, by far, is the orifice diameter. The deepness of cut is straight relative to the opening diameter ; nevertheless, making an optimal point at big diameters. Although related to pump force per unit area, figure 4 below clearly illustrates this point, demoing how the deepness of cut varies with opening diameter. Figure 4 – Influence of opening diameter on the deepness of cut ( HeI?ling, 1988 ) Another parametric quantity that is closely linked to the opening diameter is the focal point diameter. This component of the cutting equipment determines the strength of the watercourse, therefore holding a direct consequence on the material remotion rate as shown by figure 5 below. Figure 5 – Influence of focal point diameter on the volume remotion rate ( Blickwedel, 1990 ) The focal point diameter is of import non merely in footings of the volume remotion rate but besides the deepness of cut. Figure 6 below shows how the deepness of cut is besides determined by this parametric quantity ; diminishing as the focal point diameter additions. The lessening in deepness of cut following an optimal point is realised by Himmelreich ( 1992 ) and has been attributed to high grades of turbulency. On the other manus, a peculiarly little focal point diameter gives rise to particle hit and clash, giving an inefficient procedure. Figure 6 – Influence of focal point diameter on the deepness of cut ( HeI?ling, 1988 ) Of the cutting parametric quantities listed, the crossbeam rate can be said to hold the greatest influence on the film editing procedure, followed closely by the draw distance. Both of these parametric quantities are controlled by machine design and therefore are bound by the makers ‘ specification. Figures 7 and 8 overleaf illustrate the influence of both the crossbeam rate and draw distance. It can be clearly seen that the deepness of cut lessenings as the crossbeam rate additions, following closely that of a squared map. However, on the other manus, the relationship between the draw distance and the deepness of cut is moderately additive ; with the deepness of cut decreasing as the draw distance additions. A big figure of scratchy stuffs are available for usage in AWJC. Typically these are loosely categorised as either oxides or silicates and there are, in a similar manner to the whole procedure, many parametric quantities that determine the features of an abradant. Figure 7 – Influence of crossbeam rate ( left ) and standoff distance ( right ) on the deepness of cut ( Blickwedel, 1990 ) Whilst it is hard to state precisely which parametric quantity has the greatest influence on the procedure, it is clear that both the hardness of the stuff together with the atom form and size, need consideration. Typical hardness values vary from 30 HV for Cd up to 200 HV for B carbide ( Kriegel & A ; Palmour, 1961 ) . Figure 8 shows the influence of both the atom form and size, whereas figure 9 overleaf high spots the significance of the mass flow rate of abradant on the deepness of cut achieved. Figure 8 – Influence of abradant ( atom ) diameter and size on the deepness of cut( Ohlsen, 1997 ; Oweinah, 1989 )Figure 9 – Influence of scratchy mass flow on the deepness of cut( Oweinah, 1989 )Abrasive Water Jet Cutting: Associated ProblemsIt is clear from the old subdivision that there are many parametric quantities that have an consequence on the AWJC procedure. If such parametric quantities are non carefully controlled, so the efficiency of the procedure decreases along with the quality of the machined portion. Some of the associated jobs are presented in table 1.Problem and definitionParameter ( s ) affected byConsequence on constituentTaper. This characteristic arises due to a difference in the breadth of the cut at the top surface and the bottom surface and is given as a ratio ( besides flank angle ) . Abrasive mass flow rate Focus diameter Standoff distance Trave rate This characteristic determines the dimensional truth of the portion. Initial Damage Zone. Abrasive atoms impact the surface at normal angles doing craters and abrasive-wear paths. Standoff distance Focus diameter ( Abrasive atom size – composite stuffs ) Some fictile distortion can happen. Change ( debasement ) in surface roughness/waviness. Trave rate Focus diameter/length Abrasive mass flow rate Abrasive atom size/type Surface belongingss of stuff are non as desired. Decrease in fatigue life of cut stuff due to check formation. Abrasive atom size Fatigue life reduced. Onset of stress-corrosion snap. Surface indurating due to procedure. Abrasive stuff Variation of hardness at distance from cut. Micro-structural alterations: Surface checking Phase alterations Abrasive-particle fragment implanting Delamination in composite stuffs Burr formation Assorted Assorted Table 1 – Problems that can originate when transporting out AWJCAbrasive Water Jet Cutting: Control MethodsTo guarantee such issues as those mentioned in table 1 do non happen, accurate control mechanisms must be in topographic point. There are many supervising mechanisms in topographic point today, some of which have been briefly described below. These methods lead to the control of the cutting procedure ; nevertheless, this is non automated in these instances. Jet-Structure Monitoring – used to command focal point diameter. Diameter of entry to concentrate point monitored to reflect alterations of focal point diameter. Wear rate can be monitored utilizing this method. Acoustic Sensing – used to supervise overall focal point conditions. System based on the fact that a alteration in the focal point conditions ( orifice diameter and concentrate diameter ) affects the sound generated by the system. Figure 10 ( overleaf ) illustrates the difference between the acoustic form of a new and worn nose. Inductive Measurement – used to supervise scratchy H2O jet speed. Method requires magnetic scratchy atoms. Abrasive jet is encircled by two little spirals, which is connected to a detection system. When the atom passes through the spiral, a little electric signal is created and the velocity determined. Figure 11 shows the typical apparatus of equipment, in this instance. Besides, laser systems similar to the above, nevertheless utilizing light pulsations alternatively. Material-Removal Visualisation – used to supervise material remotion rate. In a similar mode to Acoustic Sensing, noise of cut is monitored. Frequency of signal indicates type of cut ( inter-granular/trans-granular failure ) and therefore determines the efficiency of the cut. Workpiece Reaction Force – used to supervise deepness of incursion and surface topography. Empirical expression that takes into history all input parametric quantities excepting the crossbeam rate. Can go a force-feedback system ; leting parametric quantities to be modified to cut down the force. Figure 10 – Acoustic form for new and worn nose ( Kovacevic & A ; Evizi, 1990 ) Figure 11 – Initiation monitoring system ( Swanson, Kilman & A ; Cerwin, 1987 ) The above systems offer a chiefly generic attack to system patterning and supply small or no feedback. Modern control of AWJC makes usage of an intelligent monitoring and control system, which has full feedback capablenesss. Such an illustration by Srinivasu & A ; Babu ( 2008 ) utilises two systems: machine-vision based monitoring and intelligent control. The vision based portion monitors the size of the concentrating nose and the control system, which uses unreal nervous webs, continually modifies each parametric quantity to accomplish the best cut. A full analysis of this system is nevertheless beyond the range of this study. Abrasive Water Jet Cutting: Overview of Applications The applications of AWJC are huge, covering industries such as aerospace, automotive and electronics. It is beyond the range of this study to cover any peculiar country in important item ; nevertheless a few illustrations have been given below. Traditional and perchance even simple procedures have been ignored, and alternatively this study concentrates on a few non-standard applications.Meat CutingOne application of AWJ cutting is in the meat processing industry. Harmonizing to Wang & A ; Shanmugam ( 2008 ) , meat film editing is an of import activity and factors such as the cost, the presentation and sliting all need consideration. In this instance, salt is used as an scratchy and really good quality cuts, when compared to conventional film editing and even plain H2O jet film editing, can be achieved.Crunching Wheel ProductionThis illustration is slightly different to all other applications of AWJC as in most instances a through cut is desired. Axinte et Al. ( 2009 ) present an turn ing application, whereby crunching wheels are shaped harmonizing to their specification. Whilst this is considered a niche market, the writers conclude that AWJC has non merely the economical but besides proficient advantage for fabrication of this constituent. Assorted determining operations can be carried out, ensuing in such merchandises as figure 12 below. Figure 12 – Examples of crunching wheels manufactured utilizing AWJC ( Axinte et al. , 2009 )Polishing of SteelAnother application of AWJC is smoothing, and in peculiar steel. Yan et Al. ( 2008 ) describe this application, foregrounding that electrical-discharge machining ( EDM ) is normally used for mold production. The writers province that EDM typically leaves a brickle recast bed ; taking to the application of this smoothing method. When compared to traditional methods, AWJC has a lower scratchy ingestion and recycling is improved. In this illustration the abradant is SiC and to help the procedure is covered in wax. This consequences in a much finer surface coating.Complexs ProcessingThere are many applications of AWJC in relation to complexs treating as in some instances traditional single-point film editing procedures can non be used. For illustration, Komanduri ( 1997 ) describes that it is non possible to machine SiC whisker-reinforced aluminum oxide with a single-poin t film editing tool ; nevertheless, that it may be possible to determine by crunching. Whilst some complexs can be approached in this manner, rapid tool wear is experienced and therefore the debut of AWJC is a much better method.DecisionThe old subdivision provides a figure of non-standard illustrations where AWJC is being used. Although these give a general overview, AWJC can besides be used for alternate machining procedures, such as: milling, turning, piercing, boring ( although non level bottomed holes ) and thread film editing ( Momber & A ; Kovacevic, 1998 ) . Although such procedures as above can be achieved, in a similar instance to before there are many parametric quantities that need to be monitored. This is possibly a downside to this untraditional method unless modern control methods are introduced. Further disadvantages of the procedure include the fact that degradable stuffs can non be cut and the surface coating of machined constituents relies to a great extent on the procedure. Possibly the most important consideration of using this procedure is the apparatus cost ; which can be highly high in certain instances. One other disadvantage is the noise created by this fabrication procedure. Although, as highlighted above, there are many factors that control the procedure its application to modern industry has grown significantly since its debut in the 1970 ‘s. This has been driven chiefly by technological promotions, therefore leting this procedure to be developed, but besides due to of all time germinating stuffs that serve technology applications of today.

Freedom of Speech Essay Example

Freedom of Speech Essay Example Freedom of Speech Essay Freedom of Speech Essay Mia Donte Knox En 1103-01 Ms. Kimbrough 29 June 2011 Freedom of Speech or Denial: An Analysis Of â€Å"Protecting Freedom of Expression on the Campus† The First Amendment to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights. The amendment prohibits the making of any law respecting an establishment of religion, impeding the free exercise of religion, abridging the freedom of speech, infringing on the freedom of the press, interfering with the right to peaceably assemble or prohibiting the petitioning for a governmental redress of grievances. The article, â€Å"Protecting Freedom of Expression on The Campus,† by Derek Bok opens with a life changing scenario and information regarding the freedom of speech for those on the Harvard campus. Bok’s article voices his opinion about the First Amendment and should it make it okay to act upon racist acts, such as those that occurred on Harvard’s campus. As Bok stated in his essay, â€Å"two students hung Confederate flags in public view, upsetting students who equate the Confederacy with slavery. A third student tried to protest the flags by displaying a swastika† (Bok 172). This incident brought about many discussions and disagreements among many people on and off the campus. Bok writes a very sufficient and informative article by using pathos, ethos, and logos frequently. Bok’s article is strongly opinionated, even though it lacks concrete facts. He states many passionate points, making the reader more open to things he says in his work and to help understand how he personally feels about the essay. The way he states his opinion gives the reader room to feel the way he or she would like, but never forgetting his own voice. He uses pathos to appeal to the emotion of his readers. : By using words such as regret and stating that he completely shares the view of those who feel as if, â€Å"hanging a Confederate flag in public view or displaying a swastika in response is insensitive and unwise because any satisfaction it gives to the students who display these symbols is far outweighed by the discomfort is causes many others† (Bok 172). He portrays to the reader that he cares and does not approve of such heinous acts and allows the reader to feel him through these words. â€Å"Protecting Freedom of Expression on The Campus† shows that Bok possess ethos by showing he knows the law of the land and the guidelines of the school. Bok states in his essay â€Å" under the Supreme Court’s ruling, as I read them, the display of swastikas or Confederate flags clearly falls within the protection of the free-speech clause of the First Amendment and cannot be forbidden simply because it offends the feelings of many members of the community. This one statement gave him a certain right to speak. Bok’s essay is written with lots of logos in the way he states the things he knows and how he feels. Facts and opinions are a vital part of this article, seeing that it was written to appeal and inform. His various statements such as â€Å"although it is unclear to what extent the First Amendment is enforceable against private institutions, I have difficulty understanding why a university such as Harvard should have less free speech than the surrounding society or that of a public university† (Bok 173), â€Å"the fact that speech is protected by the First Amendment does not necessarily mean that it is right, proper, or civil† (Bok 172) Bok uses his opinions backed by a few facts from his own knowledge to help persuade the reader to agree with his viewpoints brought forth. Protecting Freedom of Expression on The Campus† by Derek Bok is written based upon his own beliefs, facts, and some research. Bok’s article, however, lacks credibility due to the fact of his limited facts to back his own opinions. Although his essay fails to prove ethos without any substantial documentation, he comes close to making up for it with his passionate appeal to readers and his relevant, but not concrete data. His main source is his own opinion and beliefs from what he has seen, heard, or experienced himself. So even though Bok article is a very good one, his lack of sources makes his statements questionable. Work Cited Bok, Derek. â€Å"Protecting Freedom of Expression on The Campus. † Forming a Critical Perspective. Eds. Ann Spurlock, et al. Boston: Pearson Learning Solutions, 2010. 267-270. Print.

About Charles Garnier, the Designer of the Paris Opera

About Charles Garnier, the Designer of the Paris Opera Inspired by Roman pageantry, architect Charles Garnier (born November 6, 1825 in Paris, France) wanted his buildings to have drama and spectacle. His design for the magnificent Paris Opà ©ra on the Place de lOpà ©ra in Paris combined the classicism of Renaissance architecture with ornate Beaux Arts ideas. Jean Louis Charles Garnier was born into a working class family. He was expected to become a wheelwright like his father. However Garnier wasnt healthy and his mother didnt want him to work in a forge. So, the boy took mathematics courses at the École Gratuite de Dessin. His mother hoped he would get good, steady work as a surveyor, but Charles Garnier achieved much greater success. In 1842 Garnier began studies with Louis-Hippolyte Lebas at the École Royale des Beaux-Arts de Paris. In 1848 he won the Premier Grand Prix de Rome and was off to Italy to study at the Academy in Rome. Garnier spent five years in Rome, traveling throughout Greece and Turkey, and being inspired by Roman pageantry.   Still in his 20s, Garnier aspired to design buildings that had the drama of a pageant. The highlight Charles Garniers career was his commission to design the Opà ©ra in Paris. Built between  1857 and 1874,   the Paris Opera quickly became Garniers masterpiece. With its magnificent hall and grand staircase, the design combines opulence for its patrons with remarkable acoustics for the performers. The palatial Opera House has become known as Palais Garnier.   Garniers opulent style reflected the fashion that became popular during Napoleon IIIs Second Empire. Garniers other architecture includes the Casino at Monte Carlo in Monaco, another opulent complex for the wealthy elite, and the Italian villas Bischoffsheim and Garnier in Bordighera. Several other buildings in Paris, including the Panorama Marigny theatre and Hotel du Cercle de la Librairie, cannot compare with his grand masterpieces. The architect died in Paris on August 3, 1898. Why is Garnier Important? Many people might say that Garniers importance is his creation of a house for The Phantom of the Opera. Professor Talbot Hamlin suggests otherwise, pointing out that despite the oversumptuous detail of the Opà ©ra in Paris, the architectural style was imitated for decades because there is a magnificent clarity in the general appearance, both outside and in. Hamlin notes that Garnier conceived the Opà ©ra in Paris in three parts- the stage, the auditorium, and the vestibules. Each of these three units was then developed with the greatest richness possible, but always in such a way as to accent its relationship to the other two. It is this logic as the supreme quality that was being taught at École des Beaux-Arts and perfectly executed by Garnier. A buildings logic, the basic relationships in buildings, was founded on common sense, directness, emphasis of the most important elements, and expression of purpose. This insistence on open and logical planning and on the clarity of basic expression was vitally necessary to the solution of new architectural problems, writes Professor Hamlin. Architecture became a matter of disciplined study of plan relationships. Learn More: Charles Garniers Paris Opera: Architectural Empathy and the Renaissance of French Classicism by Christopher Mead, MIT Press, 1991Charles Garniers Opà ©ra: Architecture and Exterior Decor by Gà ©rard Fontaine, 2000Charles Garniers Opera: Architecture and Interior Decor by Gà ©rard Fontaine, 2004Paris Opera House: Scale Architectural Paper Model by Jean-William Hanoteau, 1987 Source: Architecture through the Ages by Talbot Hamlin, Putnam, Revised 1953, pp. 599-600

Sociology of Families Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sociology of Families - Annotated Bibliography Example The author’s use event history models based on dependent and independent variables to understand influences of race and ethnicity. Conclusion: The authors found that children born to cohabiting versus married parents have over five times the risk of experiencing their parents’ separation. The difference in union stability is highest for White children, as compared with Black or Mexican American children. For White children, other factors such as differences in parents’ education levels, paternal substance abuse, and prior marriage or children report higher instability than by those born to cohabiting parents, while differences in union stability are not fully rationalized among Black and Mexican American children. The results of study are important for public policies intended to promote family stability and reducing inequality. The authors study the racial differences in educational outcomes such as college attendance as a result of the differences found in family structures and socioeconomic status across an array of racial and ethnic groups. The authors ponder upon the question of how racial background matters in an educational context. Charlesa, C. Z., Roscignob, V. J., & Torresa, K. C. (2007). Racial inequality and college attendance: The mediating role of parental investments. The authors study the racial differences in educational outcomes such as college attendance as a result of the differences found in family structures and socioeconomic status across an array of racial and ethnic groups. The authors ponder upon the question of how racial background matters in an educational context. Research Methodology: Upon literature review of prior research on family stratification, parental investments, racial disparities in wealth concentration, the authors set a hypothesis that group differences in college attendance emanate largely from economic stratification at family level. After setting the hypothesis, the authors draw analysis from four waves data of National Educational Longitudinal Survey (NELS) to understand how parents make economic, social and cultural investments during early and later high school experience. The longitudinal data of 13,699 adolescents is analyzed, by first examining the racial differences in family background and the extent to whic h they pattern gaps in potentially influential parental investments and then by creating investment models. Conclusion: The results of their analysis proves author’s hypothesis that racial inequalities in class background shape disparities in cultural, monetary, and parental interactional investments. Background inequalities, and their implications for early and later family investments and achievement/attainment, explain why minority-group parents are less likely to discuss college plans or be more involved in planning their child’s future. Also, most investment differences are driven by family’s socioeconomic status and structure. Published Article #3: Fomby, P., & Cherlin, A. J. (2007). Family Instability and Child Well-Being . American Sociological Review , 72 (2), 181-204. Purpose of Research: The authors aim to study children’s behavioral and cognitive development in the context of family history such as multiple transitions in family structure and

Career as a Registered Practical Nurse (Canada) Research Paper

Career as a Registered Practical Nurse (Canada) - Research Paper Example As Pandit (2011) states, â€Å"being a registered nurse is beneficial for a long-term career.† Working as a registered practical nurse is a challenging and rewarding task in Canada. People like to choose the profession of registered practical nursing because it injects the sense of social responsibility in their minds, as well as helps them serve humanity in an appropriate manner. The profession of registered practical nursing requires a person to have a deep interest and effective nursing skills in order to be successful in this field. An interest in the field of medical science and 20 years experience in healthcare as a Personal Support Worker in long-term care, home care and Hospice Palliative care best match the profession of registered practical nursing. Skills in long-term care and hospice palliative care reflect actual nursing role of a registered practical nurse. A registered practical nurse also needs to have a caring and sympathetic personality along with other nursing and clinical skills. According to VandeCreek (2000), love and healing are such intangibles, which are imperative for a patient’s recovery (p. 48). Moreover, he/she should also have a deep knowledge of nursing and direct clinical practices. Such qualities and skills are the perfect match for a person who wants to establish his/her career as a registered practical nurse. There are two main ways for a person to become a registered nurse. First way is a Bachelor’s degree in nursing. A Bachelor’s degree (BSN) is the most common way that people use to earn the status of a registered nurse. A person has to spend full four years as a nursing student to earn this degree and become a registered practical nurse. This degree helps a person get additional clinical experience, as well as career flexibility. Another positive aspect of a BSN degree is that it prepares nurses for clinical practices and for teaching and

Early Learning Center Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Early Learning Center - Essay Example The expected early learning center will offer a cutting edge kids care alongside the preschool requirements for the working parents. This will be a privately owned and family operated kids’ learning center for the young ones aged between 3 and 6 years old (Craig 2009, p. 43). The director of the institution is dedicated to serving every child and family with a deep and specialized concern. He must be dedicated to offering a staff of encouraged teachers who realize the personal growth transitions and skills of every child and will direct them at attaining their full potential. Behrman (2006) stated that the fact that there were many children at their hands of their nannies, implies that setting up an educational center will ensure that the idea fills this gap. Most parents in the past have wanted their children to start learning as early as two years but have not had a chance to do so. ELC, therefore, will be taken as a perfect project to support their children’s safety andlearning, while at the same time keeping them time to address their own issues without much care on how their kids will be in the future (Casper & Theilheimer, 2009). However, although the ELC idea came at the right time, still other sector competitors may be a threat to the succ esses and growth of the company. A number of competitors that ELC need to be careful with are institutions offering advanced childcare from age of 6 to 9 like the Edgewood childcare center, schools with childcare facilities. Currently, with the computer age, there are so many child programs presented that may prevent parents from taking their children to ELC and instead introduce them to such Internet child programs. Early Learning Center ensuresthat there is a significant difference in the lives of the young kids by working to offer distinction in early care and training. It also guarantees

Developing Awareness of Food Hygiene

Developing Awareness of Food Hygiene Tanisha Raybe HEALTH PROMOTION ESSAY ABOUT AWARENESS OF FOOD HYGIENE. GROUP MEMBERS WERE: Tanisha Raybe, Caroline Veerasamy, Charlotte Chalmers , Hannah Firth and Stacey Rimes. INTRODUCTION This essay will seek to highlight the importance of food hygiene, it will include epidemiology, demography data alongside target groups and health policies. It will seek to evaluate the effectiveness of a health forum and illustrate the role of a health promoter ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH NEED There has been growing recognition that highlights the need for more awareness of food hygiene. This was evident in the increase rate of morbidity and mortality of foodborne illnesses in the United Kingdom and worldwide (World Health Organisation, 2007). This prompted governing bodies to place more emphasis on food safety practices. However, despite their efforts food borne illness incidence continues to increase in numbers attracting media attentions both nationally and internationally (Arendt, Paez and Strohbehn, 2013). The aim of food hygiene is to ensure food is free from physical, chemical and biological contamination which is overall safe for consumption (Who, 2002). An epidemiology study carried out by The Department of Environment of food and rural affairs (2013) gave an insight into the effect of food borne illness. They reported that, there were over a million cases of food borne illness in the United Kingdom each year as a result of poor food hygiene. This amounts to 20,000 hospital admissions and 500 deaths. Food Standard Agency (2011) collated that in England and wales each year there were around 1.7 million cases of food borne illness that is 33160 cases each week. Additionally, the Centre for disease control and prevention (2011) reports that each year approximately 1 in 6 American that is 48 million people being sick , hospitalised or have died from food borne illness. Moreover the FSA, (2011) highlighted that the statistics presented above only represents the reported numbers of incidence, hence underestimating the true value of food borne illness. In light of the evidence presented above, underscore that poor food hygiene is a significant health issue that results in mortality, morbidity and hospital admissions (WHO, 2007). Moreover, the economical burden cause by the prevalence of food borne illness which cost 1.5 million to treat. Food borne illness is preventable, however many consumer believes that food borne illness is acquired by eating out whether from a restaurant or from a fast food outlet (Ackerley, 2013). However, by contrast Zablostsky Kufel el al (2011) argued that large outbreaks of food borne illness are mostly attributed to poor hygiene practices carried out within the homes. This they mentioned was due to lack of awareness about what actually cause food borne illness. These they mentioned were wrong cooking procedures , supplier providing food that have been contaminated and lastly the involvement of risky eating behaviour of raw and undercook meat. FSA, 2011 states that it is everyone’s responsibility to ensure that the food that is supplied, prepared and eaten is suited for consumption as lay out in the policy on food safety. Also consumers do not readily admit that they may have caught food borne illness as a result of poor hygiene practices (FSA, 2011). A research carried out by (WHO, 2013) indicated that although everyone is at risk of food borne illness pregnant women , elderly , children and the immune deficiency are more susceptible to food borne illness . FSA ,2013 highlight that, more attentions should be place on education and training to reiterate to the general public about the common vehicle that cause pathogens leading to gastroenteritis and food poisoning. In addition, educating them that although some hazards are obvious factor for food poisoning, there are some not so apparent and the consequences takes time to manifest itself. For instance, food that are improperly stored, cooked or poor labelling as well as out of date, this can have a detrimental effect on the body (Griffith, 2010). Yet although food safety messages are spreading in the UK and globally the implementation is quite challenging for many. Yiannas, 2008 states that in order to improve food safety there must be a change in people’s behaviour. However changing consumer behaviour is more complex than merely educating them as habits formulated over a long period of time might be hard to break (Ackerley, 2011). For example, A study carried out in China indicated that food safety incidents was a result of social behaviour rather than natural factor, this was due to their abuse of food additives (Qiang et al , 2011 Ouyang,2011). Consumers need to be taught the benefits of changing behaviour against the consequences of food borne illness (Ackerley, 2013). Therefore, it is imperative that education be the focal point in changing people’s behaviour when it comes to food hygiene practices (Mullan Wrong, 2010). Cultural, gender, belief and age may play a significant role in food borne illness (Ackerley, 2013). For instance, in some countries economic is taught in school as part of the educational curriculum allowing students to learn about the importance of food hygiene from a young age (Powell chapman ,2011). Also some culture support females to be mainly responsible for the preparation of meals within in the home (Yiannas,2009) . Moreover, this could eliminate other family members learning the importance of food hygiene (Yiannas,2009). Policy Given the growing evidence of food borne illness this has erode consumer’s confidence in government ability to protect them from food borne illness. However this prompted Government organisation such as Food Standard Agency , Health Protection Agency, international campaign company like WHO to put more measures in place to prevent food borne illness that is identifiable by the public (FSA,2011) . Their mission is to create an awareness of food hygiene through education by engaging the public in discussion about and implementation of food safety practices. The information stipulated within the policies are set out in a comprehensive manner that seeks to give practical advice as well as address concerns the general public have or encountered (FSA,2011). For example, WHO (2012) identifies five key ways to prevent the spreading of food borne illness which are keep clean ,cook thoroughly ,safe temperatures, safe water and raw material and lastly the separation of raw and cooked product. The National health hand campaign (2009) highlights the importance of effective hand washing as it is one of the most effective ways to prevent food borne illness. The government also highlighted that transparency about food borne illness, educational programs, surveillance and inspection system for food safety is key to prevent increase in food borne illness ( Hird et al, 2009). Based on evidences relating to the increase of foodborne illness and the rising economic cost of treating illness (FSA, 2013). The experts such as Government, policy maker and health professional decided that more needs to be done about the awareness of food borne illness this coincided with Bradshaw’s (1972) needs. Bradshaw suggested there are four types of needs expressed, felt, normative and comparative needs. However, as the needs were identified by the experts normative need was more applicable to address the issue of food borne illness. For, example Rayner Scarborough (2005) argued that food borne illness is quite significant as it can have a major impact on a person’s health. They highlighted that compared to other illness say smoking that is hugely advertised in comparison to hygiene which has the same risk of mortality, morbidity hospital admission and increased burden on the NHS resources. APPROACH Yang (2012) suggested that education coupled with implementing good kitchen hygiene could reduce the number of illness and death. Seedhouse (2001) concurs with this statement stating that if the public is given the right information and resources people are far more receptive and incline to change their behaviour to achieve food safety practices .The educational approach was chosen as it reflected the most effective means to convey a message to the public to empower change. Scriven (2010) points out that the goal of an educational approach is to give adequate information to ensure the public have gain enough knowledge and understanding as well as skills to make informed decision. It is important to considerate the different ways people learn as suggested by Honey and Mumford who highlighted four learning styles namely activist, reflector theorist and lastly pragmatist (Honey Mumford, 1986). The strength of the educational approach is that information is provided to aid consumer to make the best possible choice. However, freedom of choice may not work in the public favour as they might not be incline to change their behaviour toward food hygiene ( Simnet,2010) . The aims and objects were obtained by using the acronym Smart which stands for specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time bound. This was then illustrated by the followings: At the end of five minutes the participants will be able to identified Two sources of pathogen that can cause food borne illness two ways to prevent food borne illness Two symptoms of food borne illness EVALUATION According to Scriven (2010) evaluation is reaching a judgement about a significance particular task by critically analysing both strengths and weakness. The aim of the forum was to create an awareness of food hygiene through education on the importance of food hygiene as well as gather feedback to inform future knowledge. The group followed a sequence that was effective to analyse evaluation which were process, impact and outcome (Naidoo Wills ,2009). The group ensured there were enough educational tools incorporated to reinforce the message and took into consideration how people learn .This forum comprised of posters, leaflets, brochures, interactive games, souvenir, and show and explain demonstration. The group work together in a cohesive manner which was evident in their organisation and how the message was conveyed . As Yang et al (2012) states that teamwork’s is beneficial for student’s nurses as it helps them to develop their communication skills among others.The group presented the information in a clear, succinct manner and was not judgemental, bearing in mind they only had five minutes to get the message across. This was in accordance with (Scriven, 2010) who states that an effective communication should be free from ambiguous language. The group target university student from the age of 18- 25 as they were particularly more involved in risky behaviour than any other groups at risk ( Abbott , 2009). This was due to lack of knowledge of food safety and them being away from home for the very first time ( Mullan Wrong , 2010 Phillp Anita , 2010). However, as the day progressed the group found that the message reach not only university student but everyone. Impact During the forum it became common knowledge to the group that there were gaps in the public knowledge pertaining to food hygiene .This was identified as the group applied a strategy to find out what the public already knew about food hygiene. It became apparent that many had a false sense of confidence in terms of food hygiene and did not realise that some of the practices they carried out could actually increase their chances of acquiring food borne illness. For instance, the bacteria that is present in rice if not stored properly (FSA, 2011). This happens to be one of the group most take home message as it was firsthand knowledge to many. The group was successful in conveying the message as a total of 92% gathered from the questionnaire was found to be quite receptive to the information and mentioned the information gleaned will have a bearing on their future practices. However, the group conceded as to what could have done to reach the further 8% of the population. Outcome evaluation The group identified few strengths and weakness resulting from the health forum. Although the message was well received and the educational tool used appropriate, The group found that it would be hard to make contact with the same people around six months time to measure whether their practices has been influence by the health forum was very unlikely . However, it was noted that some of the posters and materials could have been in larger print to enable to the writing to be legible. The group believe it would be more practical and feasible to have the forum in a supermarket to attract a wide range of consumer. They found that time constraints was another issues as they only had a limited amount of time to deliver a message which could result in miss opportunity to reach more of the general public. Lastly they found that the area was noisy with other forum and events happening at the same time and was quite distracting for both themselves and the audience. A health promoter has an important role to play in educating the public ( Scriven ,2010) .He or she should be a good communicator providing information that is simple but effective. They need to understand how people learn and receive information as well as take into consideration any barriers that may prevent a message from getting across. REF For instance, language, environment factor , culture and , beliefs . Houghton, 2008 states that an awareness of people’s ethnicity and cultures needs plays an important role in achieving a good outcome when educating people on food hygiene. The increased numbers of foodborne illness illustrates that it is a significant health problem that warrant the need for more awareness of food hygiene in order to reduce the number of incidents , death and associated cost accumulate. The need for more educational programme that address people’s behaviours as well as increased their food hygiene knowledge is seen as an effective way to reduce the effects of food borne illness. REFERENCES Abbott, M. J., Byrd-Bredbenner , C., Schaffner, D., Bruhn ,C. M. Blalock, L. (2009). Comparison of food safety cognitions and self reported food handling behaviours with observed food safety behaviours of young adults. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition ,63 ,572-579. Ackerley, L. (2013). Mixed messages in food safety: killing us softly?. Perspectives In Public Health, 133(6), 296298. Arendt, S. W., Paez, P. Strohbehn, C. (2013). Food safety practices and managers perceptions: a qualitative study in hospitality. International Journal Of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 25 (1), pp. 124139. Bradshaw,J. 1992. Taxanonomy of needs. Open University Press. Department for Environment food and Royal Affairs (2013). food statistics pocketbook. Office of National Statistics.London. Food Standard Agency (2011). Foodborne disease strategy food.gov.uk/policy-advice/microbiology/fds/( last accessed 20th April 2014). Food Standard Agency (2013) Food poisoning . Retrieved 21st April 2014 from http://bit.Ly/lixxByD . Food Standard Agency (2011) .Foodborne Disease Strategy 2012-2015. An FSA Programme for the Reduction of Foodborne Disease in the UK. Available online at : http://www.food.gov.uk/mulitimedia/pdfs/fds2015.pdf (last accessed 20th April 2014). Griffith, C. J. (2010). Food Safety Culture: Creating a Behaviour-based Food Safety Management System. British Food Journal, 112 (4), pp. 457458. Hird,S., Stein,C.,Kiamarz,P.,Nanda,A.Havelaan,AH.(2009). Estimating the global burden of food borne disease – A collaborative effort. Eurosurvellance 14(18),1-4. Honey, P. Mumford, A. (1986) Using your learning styles. (2nd ed.). Bershire: Printique, Maidedenhead. Houghton,G. (2008) Women seeking asylum: are communication needs being met? British Journal of Midwifery 16 (3) 142. Lam, H., Remais, J., Fung, M., Xu, L., Sun, S. (2013). Food supply and food safety issues in China. The Lancet, 381(9882), 20442053. Mullan, B. Wong, C. (2010). Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour to design a food hygiene intervention. Food Control, 21 (11), pp. 1524—1529 Naidoo, J. Will,J.(2009). Foundations for Health Promotion . Edinburgh : BailliereTindall Elsevier. NHS Hand Hygiene Campaign (2009). Consequences of poor hand hygiene and the importance of handwashing. http://bit.L/lgeQNgQ ( Accessed 21,April 2014). Phillip, S. Anita, E. (2010). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour model in predicting safe food handling practices. Food Control, 21 (7), pp. 983987. Powell, D. A., Jacob, C. J. Chapman, B. J. (2011). Enhancing food safety culture to reduce rates of foodborne illness. Food Control, 22 (6), pp. 817—822. Qiang , L ., Wen, L., Jing, W. Yue,D. (2011). Application of content analysis in food safety reports on the internet in china . Food Control 22, (2) 252- 256. Quyang,H.Y. (2011). Nearly 70 percent of the respondents felt insecure about food . 2010- 2011 Reports on consumer confidence in food safety . Insight China ,1 42- 45. Rayer ,M. Scarborough, P. ( 2005). The burden of food related ill health in the UK .Community Health Journal, 59 (12) 1054 – 1057. Scriven, A. (2010). Promoting health: A Practical guide . (6th ed.). Edinburgh: Bailliere Tindall. Seedhouse,D. (2001). Health: The foundations for achievement .(2nd ed.). Chichester: Wiley Son. Stable,Joy. (2009). Caring for older Jews. Nursing and Residential Care,11(12) 621- 623. World health organisation (2012) five keys to safer keeps . Retrieved 20 , April, 2014 from // www.who int/foodsafety/publications/ consumer/en/5keys _ en pdf. World Health Organization (2013). Facts on Food safety. Retrieved 22, April, 2014, from http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/food_safety/facts/en/index6.html World health Organisation . Food safety and food illness fact sheet. Retrieved 22 , April , 2014, from www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheet/fs237/en/. World health organisation. (2002). Who global strategy for safety , safer food for better health. Yang ,K.,wooner,R.,G Matthews, T.J.(2012). Collaborate learning among undergraduate students in community health nursing .Nursing Education in Practice ,12 (2), 72-76. Yiannas, F. (2009), Food Safety Culture: Creating a Behaviour Based Food Safety Management System, Springer, New York, NY. Zablotsky Kufel, J. S., Resnick, B. A., Fox, M. A., Mcgready, J., Yager, J. P. Burke, T. A. (2011). The impact of local environmental health capacity on foodborne illness morbidity in Maryland. American Journal Of Public Health, 101 (8).