Friday, March 6, 2020
Essay on Pathophysiology Type 2 DiabetesEssay Writing Service
Essay on Pathophysiology Type 2 DiabetesEssay Writing Service Essay on Pathophysiology: Type 2 Diabetes Essay on Pathophysiology: Type 2 DiabetesType 2 diabetes is metabolic disorder characterized by the high level of hyperglycemia in the context of insulin resistance and relative lack of insulin. This is a serious health problems that undermines the quality of life of patients, may trigger serious complications and eventually result in the death of patients. Therefore, the accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of type 2 diabetes is crucial for the survival of patients and maintenance of high standards of living, but patients should be collaborative and responsible to make their treatment effective.Type 2 diabetes is traditionally viewed as the diseases that is triggered by heredity of patients. Genetics is one of the major factors that increases the risk of the development of type 2 diabetes in patients. Patients inherit the health problem from their parents and ancestors but it does not necessarily mean that patients will develop type 2 diabetes. Instead, the impact of genetics implies that patients are inclined to the development of type 2 diabetes but the higher vulnerability of the disease can trigger the development of the disease in patients.At the same time, environmental factors are also important for the development of type 2 diabetes to the extent that they may trigger the genetically predisposed disease in patients. In fact, insulin resistance may be caused by an insulin signaling defect, glucose transporter defect, or lipotoxicity, and ÃŽ ²-cell dysfunction is postulated to be caused by amyloid deposition in the islets, oxidative stress, excess fatty acid, or lack of incretin effect (Bostock-Cox, 2014). The impact of environmental factors leads to the development of type 2 diabetes. In fact, environmental factors are very important factors that cause the disease. The insulin resistance becomes a serious threat to the health of patients.The impact of type 2 diabetes on the health of patients and their quality of life can hardly be underestimated. The morbidity related to the type 2 diabetes is high. To put it more precisely, the morbidity level is high since over 25 million of Americans had diabetes in 2010 and over 29 million in 2012. At the same time, the risk of the development of the disease differs depending on the racial background of individuals. To put it more precisely, the highest level of morbidity is marked among Native Americans and comprises 15,9%; the African American community has 13,2% of patients with diabetes; Hispanics have 12,8% of cases of diabetes; Asian Americans have 9,0%; and whites have 7,6% of diabetic population (Casey, 2011). Therefore, the high morbidity rate proves the negative impact of type 2 diabetes on patients.           Moreover, the mortality rate 7-7.9% per year is the high rate of death among patients with type 2 diabetes. At the same time, many researchers (Kahn, et al., 2014) insist that cases of type 2 diabetes often remain under-reported. This is why the mortality rate 7-7,9% may be inaccurate and underestimated. On the other hand, even this level of mortality is very high because patients with type 2 diabetes have the high risk of the consistent deterioration of their health condition and serious complications may lead to death.           In such a context, the understanding of the major risk factors can help to prevent the development of type 2 diabetes in patients. In this regard, genetics is one of the main factors that cause the development of type 2 diabetes. At this point, it is worth mentioning the fact that genetics is important but not determinant factor that causes the development of type 2 diabetes. In fact, genetics is a serious risk factor that increases the risk of the development of type 2 diabetes but what causes the development of the diseases are environmental factors mainly, including the lifestyle of people, their medical conditions, and other factors. For example, bein g exposed to the same environmental risk factors, individuals, who are genetically predisposed to the development of diabetes, are more likely to develop the disease compared to individuals, who are not genetically predisposed to the development of the disease.           Another risk factor is the lifestyle of patients. In fact, the lifestyle is a very important factor that contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes. The problem of the lifestyle causes the development of type 2 diabetes, if individuals have the genetic predisposition to the development of the disease. The diabetes results from the sedative lifestyle, irregular nutrition, poor food culture, the excessive use of alcohol, drugs, tobacco and other negative environmental factors. In the course of time, the negative environmental impact can trigger the development of type 2 diabetes in patients.           Furthermore, the medical condition of patie nts is another important factor that contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes. In this regard, many researchers (O’Shea, 2010) place emphasis on the high risk of the development of type 2 diabetes as the complication of diabetes and some other health problems. In this regard, hypertension, unstable insulin level, and other factors can be indicators of the development of type 2 diabetes. At the same time, the treatment of serious health conditions may trigger the development of type 2 diabetes as the result of the complication or side-effects of the medication and treatment of other serious health conditions.           The development of the disease evokes considerable changes in patients. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by a combination of peripheral insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells (Spollett, 2014). The insulin resistance becomes a serious challenge for the normal functioning of human bod y to the extent that it may lead to the lethal outcome, unless the level of insulin is balanced. Insulin resistance and ÃŽ ²-cell dysfunction are known to be the major pathophysiologic factors driving type 2 diabetes; however, these factors come into play with very different time courses. Insulin resistance in muscle is the earliest detectable abnormality of type 2 diabetes. In contrast, changes in insulin secretion determine both the onset of hyperglycemia and the progression toward insulin therapy (Casey, 2011). The combination of insulin resistance and ÃŽ ²-cell dysfunction can cause the development of disease and deterioration of the condition of the patient’s health.           Reversal of type 2 diabetes to normal metabolic control by either bariatric surgery or hypocaloric diet allows for the time sequence of underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms to be observed. In reverse order, the same mechanisms are likely to determine the event s leading to the onset of hyperglycemia and permit insight into the etiology of type 2 diabetes (O’Shea, 2010). In such a way, the development of the disease starts progressing fast and its manifestations should draw the attention of health care professionals, who should address the obvious symptoms of type 2 diabetes to start its treatment at the early stage of its development.Within 7 days of instituting a substantial negative calorie balance by either dietary intervention or bariatric surgery, fasting plasma glucose levels can normalize. This rapid change relates to a substantial fall in liver fat content and return of normal hepatic insulin sensitivity (O’Shea, 2010). Over 8 weeks, first phase and maximal rates of insulin secretion steadily return to normal, and this change is in step with steadily decreasing pancreatic fat content (O’Shea, 2010). In such a way, 8 weeks period leads to the full phathophysiological development of type 2 diabetes. In such a wa y, patients face considerable health problems and need the immediate assistance of health care professionals.The glucose metabolism occurs in the course of the development of type 2 diabetes and is the major factor leading to the development of the disease. In the progression from normal to abnormal glucose tolerance, postprandial blood glucose levels increase first. Eventually, fasting hyperglycemia develops as suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis fails (Spollett, 2014). In such a way, patients develop type 2 diabetes in the result of the abnormal glucose metabolism.Researchers (Spollett, 2014) distinguish the following genomic factors that determine, to a significant extent, the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes:Decreased beta-cell responsiveness, leading to impaired insulin processing and decreased insulin secretion (TCF7L2)Lowered early glucose-stimulated insulin release (MTNR1B, FADS1, DGKB,GCK)Altered metabolism of unsaturated fatty acids (FSADS1)Dysregulation of fat metabo lism (PPARG)Inhibition of serum glucose release (KCNJ11)Increased adiposity and insulin resistance (FTO and IGF2BP2)[Control of the development of pancreatic structures, including beta-islet cells (HHEX)Transport of zinc into the beta-islet cells, which influences the production and secretion of insulin (SLC30A8)Survival and function of beta-islet cells (WFS1)These factors are crucial for the development of type 2 diabetes, but the problem is the difficulty associated with tracing the change and impact of the aforementioned factors on the physical condition of patients.           In face of such risk factors, patients and health care professionals should be able to diagnose type 2 diabetes at the early stage of its development to minimize the negative impact of the disease on the health and life of patients. Researchers (Phillips, 2014) distinguish the following symptoms, which are distinct symptoms of the type 2 diabetes: frequent urination, increased thirst, increased hunger, weight loss, blurred vision, itchiness, peripheral neuropathy, fatigue, frequent infections of skin, urinary tract, or vagina.           To diagnose type 2 diabetes, health care professionals use either blood tests or Zinc transporter 8 autoantibody test/ Blood tests are the most widely-spread types of tests, which are applied to diagnose type 2 diabetes. These tests are accurate, fast to conduct and easy to manage. Zinc transporter 8 autoantibody test is applied in the most complicated cases of type 2 diabetes, when health care professionals face difficulties with the diagnosis of the disease with the help of blood tests. As a rule, this test is applied, when patients have already had some problems and face serious complications.           On diagnosing the disease, health care professionals starts the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes. The injection of insulin is the tr aditional treatment of type 2 diabetes which focuses on stabilization of the level of insulin in patients. This treatment is accompanied by medication, which may vary depending on the patient and specific case of type 2 diabetes. Often physicians prescribe metformin lowers blood glucose mainly by decreasing the amount of sugar (glucose) (Phillips, 2014). Sulfonylurea medicines also increase the amount of insulin made by pancreas of patients (Phillips, 2014). Nateglinide and repaglinide have a similar action to sulfonylureas and they books the insulin level fast that discourage health care professionals from their frequent use (Phillips, 2014).           In addition to medication, physicians may and normally do recommend their patients to change their lifestyle because the wrong lifestyle is one of the major causes of the development of type 2 diabetes. In this regard, diet, weight control and physical activities are key factors contribut ing to the overall decline of the physical shape of patients and increase of the risk of the development of type 2 diabetes.           Thus, type 2 diabetes is extremely dangerous disease but its complications are even more dangerous. Possible complications of type 2 diabetes include retinopathy, kidney damage, poor blood circulation, nerve damage, HHNKC, which involves the severely high glucose level leading to the coma of the patient and requires the immediate medical care. This is why health care professionals should diagnose the disease accurately and at possibly early stage to conduct the treatment effectively.
Wednesday, February 19, 2020
Selling Poor Steven Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Selling Poor Steven - Essay Example Many others, however, bought slaves for the same reason that white men did, which was to make a profit. This was done as a form of assimilation in a mistrustful social atmosphere (186). Slavery for freed black men was a different affair from the slavery invoked by white men. Black slaveowners bought family members as slaves to protect them and to free them a few years later. Similarly, black slaveowners would marry a slave, start a family, and then offer to purchase them from the original slaveowner. After the black slaveowner bought his family, he would free them. However, being able to buy and sell family members also had its downsides, being used as more of a threat if a family member were to get out of line or misbehave. All the same, freed black men were able to use their power to own slaves for humanitarian purposes, bringing an end to slavery for many others. Then there were the black slaveowners that treated their slaves no differently than white slaveowners treated their own . Black slaveowners still exploited the people that were lesser than them, regardless of having the same skin color. This caused great mistrust between slaves and freed black men alike. It was assumed that these prior slaves would understand what it felt like to be slaves to cruel and vicious people, which would prompt them to treat their own slaves with kindness and respect. This, however, was not always the case, and not all of the slaves were treated with compassion (192). A journal left by black slaveowner William Johnson revealed a resentment towards white slaveowners, but also revealed the need to fit in among them, which is why slaves were treated as they were by black slaveowners. â€Å"The story of black slaveowners gives powerful evidence that slavery was just as complex an institution for them [...] as it was for whites (192).†When the Civil War approached, life became difficult for slaveowners of all color. When the Emancipation Proclamation was signed and implem ented in 1863, which freed all slaves, every slaveowner had something bad to say about it. Even the black slaveowners who bought their families for protection were unhappy at the thought of losing their servants despite the reason they had boughten them to begin with. Though the concept of black slaveowners was short lived, it still caused a great impact on the institution of slavery while it lasted. The purpose of Philip Burnham’s article is to show the many reasons that black slaveowners kept slaves in comparison to the reasons that white men kept slaves, all of which were previously stated. Burnham uses historical evidence, such as journals kept by black slaveowners and records about which slaveowners bought which slaves, to support his thesis. Also included were snippets from some of the wills of these slaveowners, which often mentioned the freeing of their slaves after the death of the owner. Or, if slaves were to be passed on to family, some of the wills declared that t he slaves must be treated kindly and released after a certain amount of years. Some of the information provided by Burnham may have been simply assumptions, but they were still backed up by the historical facts and documents that were left by others. Burnham proved his theory to my satisfaction, and I agree with his statements as to the conditions and reasons that black slaveowners bought slaves. Newly made black slaveowners
Tuesday, February 4, 2020
Origins of Nursing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
Origins of Nursing - Research Paper Example When the same person is not in a position to carry out these activities owing to illness, and there comes someone who can assist this person in performing the activities which aid in the person’s recovery or a peaceful death, then that is nursing. The International Council of Nurses defines nursing as â€Å"to assist an individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or to its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge, and to do this in such a way as to help in gaining independence as rapidly as possible†(Baly 51). Nursing has been a profession to many old and young people across generations and nations. In addition, it is viewed to be among the oldest humanitarian services (Baly 177). Scientifically, nursing is a body on its own, and not only is it a science but also an art, providing skillful health care to patients in a way that enhances the general relati onships between the patient, family and the nurses (Pavey 59). From a direct point of view, nursing deals with illness prevention and ensuring of quality health standards. From a wider point of view, nursing does not just concern itself with care of the sick and ageing, but it is also concerned with the conservation of good health practices and prevention of medical disorders. The artistry of nursing is likened to the care mothers gave to their families in ancient homes. It is believed that this art has been modeled over time into modern nursing that is skilled and a science that is well-organized. It is evident that nursing has undergone numerous changes across centuries and continents. A study conducted on nursing will highlight the problems faced in the past, the solution to those problems and how nursing has evolved despite the various obstacles. Traditionally, when a mother took tender care of her sick young one, it was a sign of nursing. Along with these natural abilities that include mercy, love and kindness (humanitarianism), special training combined with suitable experience and self-sacrifice, a nursing profession has been created. Archaic Nursing. Many myths have been created, many tunes have been composed, and a handful of findings have been made about pre-historic human’s care for the sick. In the ancient African setting, it was believed that illness was as a result of evil spirits (Nutting and Dock 44). To get rid of the evil spirit, traditional medicines were administered, drums beaten and magic rites performed so as to frighten away the spirits. The treatment done to the body was aimed at getting rid of these evil spirits. Other forms of traditional treatment include massage, bone setting as well as hot and warm/hot births etc. In this case, the doctor or the nurse was the medicine man, the witch doctor or the priest physician. Nursing in Ancient Egypt. Egypt has been known to be one of the key contributors of ancient discoveries. Accord ing to Nutting and Dock (24), nursing is one of them, and its origin has been associated with the Egyptians who viewed medicine to have its origin in divinity. Egypt holds home to one of the oldest records of medicine dating way back to 1600 B.C. (Pavey 86). Numerous medical sources, illustration of diseases and their associated treatments, surgery and medicine used are found in Hieroglyphic writings on papyrus which are in the temples of pre-historic Egypt and from the Pyramids.
Monday, January 27, 2020
Superstructure Construction Material Suitability
Superstructure Construction Material Suitability EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This project involves the selection criteria of the material used to construct a three story college building superstructure at the brown field site. Generally superstructure is the above foundation/ground level part of the building. The main goal of this report is to analyze several materials and the suitability for superstructure construction. We will analyze the following materials; reinforced concrete, steel, timber and then select one most suitable material for our project. The main goal of the report is to analyze three of the possible materials suitable for the superstructure and select the most suitable materials for different elements while considering the sites generic and specific implications. Components of a superstructure Before we analyze and give a recommendation of the best suitable materials for a superstructure it is important to understand the various components that make up a superstructure. This includes; columns, slabs, walls, roofs and beams. In details Columns Columns are the perpendicular load bearing elements of the superstructure and can be either for architectural or engineering purposes. Architectural columns are majorly for aesthetics while engineering columns are for support/load bearing and are used to transmit loading to the footing then to the ground. In some cases structural columns are decorated to improve its aesthetics. Columns can be made in either reinforced concrete, steel or timber based on several suitability factors like the size of the structure, materials availability etc. For this case we will use steel frames encased in concrete cover for columns. Column construction will involve; Colum formwork, Colum reinforcement, concrete pumping and formwork lifting. Slabs These are the flat and horizontal components of the building where the weight due to different elements like occupancy act on. Slabs can be made of either reinforced concrete, steel or timber. For this case we will use concrete slabs. . Slab works consists of the following steps: Slab formwork, concrete pumping and finally the formwork lifting Beams Beams are the horizontal elements used to transfer the structures weight to the columns which then transmit the weight to the footing then to the ground. They can either be made of reinforced concrete, steel or wood. For this project steel beams will be used. The construction of the steel beams which will then be encased in concrete. Beam construction will involve Beam reinforcement, beam formwork, concrete pumping and lifting of the formwork. Walls Walls are the building enclosing structures and can either be load bearing or non-load bearing part of the superstructure. Walls can either be made of reinforced concrete for load bearing walls and either timber, masonry bricks, straw, etc. for non-load bearing walls. Roofs Roofs are the overall top part of the structure mostly used a shade and protection of the building from excessive rain and sun, The roof structure design is influenced by many factors like, the span of the building, the types of roof cover to be used, roof cover and weather load, cost, aesthetics MATERIALS REVIEW It takes a combination of many different materials to complete a building construction project Reinforced concrete Reinforced concrete a mix of concrete and steel reinforcements. Concrete is one of the most ancient construction materials and it was employed by romans as early 100 BC and has extreme compressive strength. To achieve much higher tensional strength while constructing, concrete is mixed with steel bars to form reinforced concrete that has an overall greater strength than either steel or concrete alone, Benham, 1983. Reinforced concrete is widely used in the construction of various elements of a superstructure of buildings; columns, beams, slabs and shear walls. Concrete is normally poured around steel formwork and the shape is determined by the encasements used to limit the movement of concrete. The concrete is then left to dry to achieve the various structural elements and maximum strength. (Abdulla 708477) Steel. There are several metals used in construction but steel is the most popular of them all and it has been used over centuries now. Steel has got numerous applications that range from decorative to structural support to reinforcements. Steel applied independently and not in concrete is known as structural steel. Structural steel is mostly used to refer to hot rolled steel sections, plates and shapes. The different structural steel shapes are as a result of passing heated steel strips through successive rollers with respective molds. (Ali 708389) Wood Wood is among the earliest materials ever used in construction and is still being widely used despite the popularity of concrete and steel. Wood is mostly used for structural framing (finish carpentry), cabinetry, trim, floors. Wood has high strength in compression, tension and bending in relation to its weight. Wood also has extremely good impact resistance. In current times there is an increased use of timber as plywood (Glue laminated timber) to achieve even much great strength and lengths. In this glue laminated timber wooden frames are arranged at right angles to each other. This maximized the strength of the wood. (Mohammed 729291) MATERIAL SELECTION (REINFORCED CONCRETE FOR THE SLAB WHILE STEEL FRAMES FOR SLABS AND COLUIMNS) Our material of choice for this case is reinforced concrete and steel. Concrete is the most used construction material world-wide and its application is very ancient with very few changes introduced along the years. Due to this few variabilities in development, concrete execution technique in constructions are well established so as to achieve perfect structures. Steel follows closely with it being popular with multi story structures. Concrete is an artificial mixture made from Portland cement, aggregates and water. Cement has been in use around the world for numerous years but the most commonly used cement today (Portland cement) was invented in Britain in the year 1824. Portland cement is produced by mixing ground limestone, shale or clay, sand and iron ore then the mix is heat to 1600 degrees Celsius in the rotary kiln. Concrete is formed by mixing the Portland cement and aggregates and water whereby a chemical process called hydration occurs. The hydration process forms concrete which is in plastic state and it transforms into solid state in about 2 hours. The concrete continually gains strength on cooling with maximum strength at the 28th day given the curing is done correctly, SUITABILITY OF CONCRETE FOR THE CONCRETE SLABS The following properties of concrete makes them the best suited materials for construction of slabs. Concrete is a mix of several materials formed through solidification of cement, water and aggregates (either fine or course aggregates or both). Reinforced concrete is steel rod enhanced concrete to achieve a much higher strength. High Compressive and Tensional strength The strength of concrete is generally higher than most of the other construction materials. The strength of concrete is determined by the water cement ratio and the lower the ratio the higher the final strength of the given concrete. There are two components used in classifying the strength of concrete as a suitable construction material, Neville, 2011 Compressive strength of concrete This the maximum resistance ability of concrete to axial loading at an age of 28 days after mixing, placement and curing. Compressive strength of concrete is measured in Pounds per square inch (psi). During the first 28 days, concrete achieves about 90 % of its strength and it is important to ensure sufficient curing disallowing drying/freezing so as to achieve this strength. The concretes compressive strength is dependent on quality and proportions of the concretes ingredients and the curing environment. Neville 2011, Tensional strength Reinforced concrete derives its tensional strength from using steel reinforcement bars. Steel has extremely good tensional strength with relatively low compressive strength as compared to concrete. The combination of the two harness the compression and tensional strength of each other to achieve higher overall strength. Mtallib, 2010. Workability It is much easier to work with concrete in construction of the super structure. This is due to its plastic state within the 0 2 hour range. Workability can be termed as the ease with which it can be mixed, placed, compacted and finished. There are however several factors that influence the workability of concrete which include; Characteristics and quantity of the cementing materials, the slump (concrete consistence), duration and the method of transportation, the percentage of the entrained air, the aggregate grading, surface texture and shape, water content, ambient and concrete air temperature, presence of admixtures The workability of concrete can be determined using a test called slump test that is basically the indication of the water content of a mix. The water content to a great extent determine the workability of any given concrete. Good adhesion to reinforcements One of the major factors that make concrete the most preferred materials in construction over ages is its great adhesion ability with different materials and more so with steel reinforcements. The bond strength between concrete and steel reinforcement bars are as a result of mechanical interactions, chemical reactions and thermodynamics reaction that happen upon placement of concrete to steel formwork. Kendall, 1983 Corrosion resistance The corrosion resistance ability of concrete makes reinforced concrete materials best suited against corrosion as compared to other construction material like wood and timber. Corrosion mostly affect the steel reinforcement and least concrete. Steel reinforcements are normally encased within concrete covering to reduce corrosive action of the environment and other materials to the steel reinforcements, Neville, 2011. Fire and Heat resistance Concrete has very high heat resistance compared to steel and wooden construction material. Reinforced concrete materials failure due to heat is mostly due to the failure of steel bars under extreme heat. However to counter this the concrete cover provides a good insulation of the covered reinforcement steel bars in extreme fire conditions. This provides more time for fire extinguishing and rescue in case of a fire hazard. Corrosion Resistance The corrosion resistance of concrete is very high hence can survive numerous types of environment. On the contrary reinforcement steel react to numerous aspects of our environments including humidity causing rust. Reinforced concrete is designed such that the more resistant concrete protects the much delicate steel bars. Sufficient density The density of reinforced concrete is basically the measure of its unit weight which is average weight density of 150 lb/ft3 (pcf).. This density is sufficient enough to protect the building from nature forces and other natural or induced forces that can affect the given structure SUITABILITY OF STEEL FRAMES FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS Steel was selected for construction of the beam and column structural members due to the following reasons. Steel is easy to assemble It is much easier to assemble steel as the different steel frames can easily be fabricated to the required shape and size in the factory and then be carried to the given site for assembly. It is also easier and faster to fabricate steel at site as compared to concrete and wood making it cheap to build the given substructure. All this speed up the construction process while maintaining the required tight construction tolerance Steel is strong in both compression and tension hence high tensional and compressive strength. Steel has relatively very high compressive and tensional strength making it very suitable for construction of beams and columns. More and more stronger structural steel has been developed along the way and the yield strength of most structural steel in use today is more than 50,000 psi. Steel is more reliable and predictable Most steel is fabricated in the factories where its properties are closely monitored and controlled conditions by using very modern and recent technology in quality assurance Use of steel is more efficient. Construction of buildings using steel can be optimized by use of slender columns maximizing the floor space available for other things. Typical steel column occupies 75 % less space as compared to a concrete column References ACI committee, roller compacted mass concrete, part 1, ACI manual of concrete practice Benham, P.P, Warnock, F.V, 1983, Mechanics of solids and structures, Pitman publishing Limited, London UK British Standards, BS4449, British standards for reinforcing steel EN 10025; European structural steel code of practice. Kendall, K. Howard, A.J, 1983, the relation between Porosity, microstructure and strength, and the approach to advanced cement based materials. Materials data book, Cambridge University Engineering department Mtallib, M.O.A, Marke A.I, 2010, Comparative evaluation of flexural strength of concrete, Nigerian Journal Technology, 2013 Neville, A.M, 2011, Properties of concrete, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, England. Neville, A.M, Brooks, J.J, Concrete Technology, Department of Engineering, University of Leeds, England.
Saturday, January 18, 2020
Phonemic awareness Essay
Phonemic awareness has been defined as the ability to deal unequivocally and segmentally with sound units which are smaller than the syllable. Phonemes are the tiniest elements that make up the spoken language. Phonemic awareness thus is the ability that enables an individual to focus on and manipulate these phonemes in spoken language (National Reading Panel (NRP), 2010). It has been established that the term phonemic awareness became popular in 1990s when researchers were attempting to study the development of early literacy and reading disability. Having been defined as the ability of the language learner to manipulate the sounds of spoken words, phonemic awareness plays a crucial role in language development in children. This paper will explore the impacts of phonemic awareness on the child’s early development of reading and spelling skills. Phonemic skills: More often than not, the term phonemic awareness has been used interchangeably with phonological awareness. However, the two terms are very distinct considering that phonemic awareness concentrates on the phonemes which are the smallest units that make up the speech whereas phonological awareness focuses on both the small and the larger units as well including the syllables, onsets, and rhymes. A child who possesses the phonemic awareness skills will be able to segment sounds in words for instance, they are able to recognize and identify a word from the separate sounds in the word (International Reading Organization, 1998). Phonemic awareness can therefore be said to be the only aspect of reading that is highly crucial in children before they can start to learn reading. Phonemic awareness is therefore a pre-requisite for development of reading in children (Brummitt, 2007). Impacts of Phonemic Awareness: Phonemic awareness has great impacts on a child’s early development of reading and spelling skills. Phonemic skill like segmentation of words is very crucial in determining how the child will be able to master spoken language. The amount of sound information that children can handle at a time will determine the ability of the children to learn the phonological skills in language. Studies have shown that phonemically aware children are more capable of reading words in prose with minimum mistakes than those who are phonemically unaware. Children are known to learn the spelling skills in two ways which includes internalization of the orthographic patterns of written words through imitation, and by synthesizing their understanding of letters and letter clusters with how the word is said in an analogy process. Learning to spell unfamiliar words either by imitation or analogy with familiar words is usually â€Å"influenced by Knowledge of letter-sound mappings, the amount of complexity of orthographic information the kids can process, and their knowledge of word structures†(Munro, 2010, para 27). Definitely, there is a relationship between the awareness of sound segmentation in words and learning how to spell using the two techniques described above (Munro, 2010). Conclusion: Phonemic awareness is a very essential aspect of language development in children during their development stages. Phonemic awareness can be responsible for positive development in IQ, vocabulary, listening, comprehension, and how well kids can learn to read, write, and spell. The children should also be able to express what is in their mind by the aid of phonemic awareness even when they had never seen the printed version of the word before. It is evident that by teaching the children how to manipulate the sounds in language improves their reading capabilities. In general, training in phonetic awareness positively impacts on the children’s language development in reading and spelling.
Friday, January 10, 2020
Imperialism AP World Paper Essay
Imperialism has been a driving force behind progress and advancement in the human race for centuries, however, it has also resulted in the destruction of a collection of weaker nations. European, as well as some Asian and American powers, has applied imperialism to their advantage. The states that they have imposed imperialism on have benefited from this occurrence. This is proven by multiple documents given. However, the indigenous peoples of these nations have faced violence and oppression. This is also proven by multiple documents. One will clearly see how both arguments are true after examining the following evidence. Often the imperialist nations benefited from their imperial practices, and so did the natives of these lands. An example of how this is true is seen in document two, which is an excerpt from an article by O.P Austin, â€Å"Does Colonization Pay?†in The Forum, 1900. Austin explains how the nations that have been imperialized (i.e. Africa, Latin America, and A sia) have benefited from this practice in several ways. â€Å"Progressive nations develop the territory by building roads, canals, railways, and telegraphs.†By giving these nations infrastructure, the progressive nations also allow the indigenous peoples to â€Å"†¦ establish schools and newspapers for the colonies and give these people the benefit of other blessings of civilization which they have not the means of creating themselves.†This idea is also shown in documents one, five, and seven. Document one is an excerpt from an article by Parker T. Moore in Imperialism and World Politics, 1926. It explains the vast economic benefits the imperialist nations received from imperial practices. Moore discusses the profits the exporters and merchants, as well as the bankers, and the military leaders have received. The article also briefly delves into how these economic gains aid the â€Å"inferior†nations as well. Along the same lines of the previous article cited, it goes into how the lesser nations received infrastructure such as roads, canals, and water transportation. In document five, a passage from a West African nationalist, Sekou Toure, 1962, it shows the benefits of both the homeland and the industrial lands. It is probing the idea of pro industrialization in Africa and explains how each side is benefiting. Lastly, Document seven exemplifies how indigenous and foreign peoples benefited from imperialism. â€Å"Englishmen†¦ have given the people of India the greatest human blessing – peace.†This shows how the British established control over India and changed it for the better. India was introduced to modern infrastructure as well as a strong government. The British brought to India â€Å"†¦ an administration that is strong and efficient. They have f amed wise laws and have established courts of justice.†The Indians have clearly benefited from Britain and the British also have benefited, most famously in the vast opium trade. The trade of opium from India to China is a huge part of the economic gains seen by the British, as explained in the report, â€Å"Opium and the British Indian Empire: The Royal Commission of 1895†by John F. Richards. He states â€Å"British and Indian traders sold Indian opium to coastal Chinese traders. They, in turn smuggled this illegal but valuable product along the numerous rivers to inland markets.†Documents six and nine display quite similar arguments as to the ones previously stated. Document six, a statement by Cecil Rhodes, one of the wealthiest and most successful imperialists of the time, is explaining how he feels imperialism benefits both sides of it. He feels that Britannica should spread its influence worl wide, for they are the most superior race, and that they should fill up as much of the globe as possible. His vantage point on the situation is clearly biased. He is supporting imperialism, for he himself has also greatly benefited from it, and expresses this through what many today would call, racism. Document nine is a famous poem by Rudyard Kipling, titled â€Å"the White Man’s Burden†and also explains ideals eerily similar to that of Mr. Rhodes. He feels that it is the civic duty of the whites to civilize the indigenous population. Based on the preceding evidence, one can clearly see how imperialism benefited both the imperialists, and the natives. Although imperialism had its upside, there was a severe snag in this policy. The policy of imperialism caused oppression and violence in the nations it was imposed upon. This is shown in multiple documents given. One example of this is seen in document three. This is a political cartoon titled, â€Å"Learning civilized ways is hard work†. It shows a white military leader sitting in a carriage being pulled by two workers, one being Asian, and the other an African. This is clearly depicting the exploitation of native labor by the imperialists. This obviously does not benefit the indigenous population. The same idea is displayed in documents eight and twelve being a political cartoon and an excerpt from a report respectively. The political cartoon depicts an African native being put into a piece of machinery, with gold flowing out. There is also a priest standing next to this machine. The African in the machine represents all of the natives being exploited for their labor and the gold pouring out represents the resources that the imperialists reaped from the land. The priest is shown in order to deliver the fact that the powers imposed their religion upon the inhabitants. The report is of a dialogue by an African tribesman who is pleading with the white men to lessen the oppressive tactics they are practicing. The African justifies this by the fact that â€Å"†¦ we are dying fast. We are killed by the work you make us do†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The oppressors also created carnage in their wake. This is exemplified in documents four, ten, and eleven. The example of carnage spoken of that is perhaps supreme, is in document four. This is a West African verse, and it describes the horrors that African live through. â€Å"The white man killed my father†¦ the white man seduced my mother†¦ the white man burnt my brother beneath the noonday sun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ These lones explain how natives were murdered, raped, and forced into slavery. This author’s point of view was obviously one of anger and frustration. This is justifiable given the atrocities that have been committed against him and his family. Documents ten and eleven also display similar types of crimes as shown in the aforementioned example. Document thirteen is a statement made by an Englishman named J. A. Hobson explaining the reason why imperialism should not be employed. He believes that it is a depraved and self -serving policy that is oppressive and brute like. This author is clearly against imperialism because he feels it is not beneficial to the native population. Hobson’s point of view is clearly swayed, being so most definitely because he either feels sympathy towards the natives, or he himself has been wronged by the powers of imperialism. One type of document that would be advantageous to include in those that were given would be a population chart. This chart would illustrate the population numbers of locals before the wave of imperialism in certain regions, and then during, and then after. This would allow for the reader and the writer to gain an understanding of the true carnage caused by the imperialists with factual numbers and populations. â€Å"Imperialism is a progressive force for both the oppressors and oppressed.†This statement can be efficiently argued on both sides. The evidence given can effectively be used to argue either side. Different peoples have different perspectives on this topic, naturally because they have different point of views. Both faces of this debate are convincing to their side, as both use personal accounts, factual evidence, and first hand examples.
Thursday, January 2, 2020
How Is Realism A Reaction Against Romanticism - 2190 Words
Define Modernism. How does Modernist painting compare to painting of the Old Masters? Modernism is a development that, alongside social patterns and changes, emerged from wide-scale and extensive changes in Western culture in the late nineteenth and mid twentieth hundreds of years. An Old Master ought to be a craftsman who was completely prepared, was a Master of his neighborhood specialists organization, and worked freely, yet by and by artworks thought to be delivered by students or workshops will be incorporated in the extent of the term How is Realism a reaction against Romanticism? Realism has been predominant in expressions of the human experience at numerous periods, and is in substantial section a matter of method and preparing, and the evasion of stylization. Realist gems may accentuate the revolting or shameful. There have been different authenticity developments in expressions of the human experience. The authenticity workmanship development in painting started in France in the 1850s. Courbet was a grand figure in his own time and he stands as the leading artist of Realism. Why did he choose to forgo academic traditions for realist works? Courbet was a French painter who drove the Realist development in nineteenth century French painting. He dismissed scholastic tradition and the Sentimentalism of the past era of visual craftsmen. His freedom set a sample that was imperative to later specialists, for example, the Impressionists and the Cubists. CourbetShow MoreRelatedThe Revolutionary Style Of Art1555 Words  | 7 Pagesto study art history, we were impressed to discover how the human beings are looking every day for change and develop, and the art work as a mirror that reflect that change. Starting from Neoclassicism art which was a reaction to the Rococo art. 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